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Query: UMLS:C0011570 (depression)
 172,036 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Hyperventilation is assumed to produce a set of somatic and psychological symptoms, the so-called Hyperventilation Syndrome (HVS). Recognition of symptoms during the hyperventilation provocation test (HVPT) is the most widely used criterion for diagnosing HVS, but additional physiological and symptom criteria have been proposed. The concordance of various diagnostic criteria for HVS is investigated in the present study. Forty-eight psychiatric patients with panic disorder and 90 somatic patients with symptoms suspective of HVS performed a HVPT. There was a strong interrelationship between the various symptom criteria as well as the physiological criteria. However, almost no association between symptom and physiological HVS criteria were found. Symptom recognition was significantly related to trait anxiety, agoraphobia and depression. These data do not only question the validity of the HVPT, but also of the concept of HVS. The results are more consistent with a cognitive approach to anxiety in which the HVPT is seen as an aspecific stressor during which more anxious patients anticipate an anxiety attack.
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PMID:Discordance between symptom and physiological criteria for the hyperventilation syndrome. 847 23

The factor structure, reliability, and validity of a 49-item scale designed to measure Stockholm Syndrome (also referred to as "traumatic bonding" and "terror bonding"), that is, bonding with an abusive partner, were assessed for college women in heterosexual dating relationships. Factor analysis identified three major factors: Core Stockholm Syndrome, characterized by cognitive distortions and other strategies for coping with abuse; Psychological Damage, marked by depression, low self-esteem, and loss of sense of self; and Love-Dependence, typified by the feeling that one cannot survive without one's partner's love. The scale and factors had excellent internal consistency and good test-retest reliabilities. They correlated negatively with the Marlowe-Crowne Social Desirability scale and positively with Horowitz, Wilner, & Alvarez' (1979) Impact of Event Scale, Hyler and Rieder's (1987) Borderline Personality Disorder Scale, Hatfield and Sprecher's (1986) Passionate Love Scale, and Straus' (1979) Verbal Aggression and Violence scales of the Conflict Tactics Scales.
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PMID:A scale for identifying "Stockholm syndrome" reactions in young dating women: factor structure, reliability, and validity. 855 17

We report on a short overview of our work which has examined different definitions of negative syndromes across a broad spectrum of diagnoses. Primary enduring negative symptoms were assessed with the Schedule for Deficit Syndrome (SDS) and with the Scale for Assessment of Negative Symptoms (SANS) in schizophrenic and non-schizophrenic patients. Results suggested that patients with psychotic disorders are in a high-risk group for deficit syndrome. A further study included (in the deficit group) only neuroleptic-free patients without current depression or psychosis. The frequency of primary enduring negative symptoms (PENS) showed no significant difference between schizophrenic and depressive patients. Study three compared primary negative symptoms between schizophrenic and nonschizophrenic patients. There were no significant differences between both groups with regard to the SANS scores. The last study compared primary with secondary negative symptom complexes by means of the SANS. No significant differences could be found. The results suggest that PENS are not specific for schizophrenia. Moreover, further efforts are indicated to grasp "core" deficiencies in psychoses with help of new operationalized instruments.
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PMID:[Significance of primary negative symptoms in schizophrenic and other psychiatric patients]. 876 95

This study compared two measures of depression in a population with schizophrenia. Inpatients (n = 112) with schizophrenia, were assessed on the Hamilton (HDRS), and Calgary (CDSS) depression scales and the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS). Eighty-nine were reassessed 3 months later. A principal components factor analysis was applied to each depression scale. The relationship between measures of depression and positive and negative symptoms was explored using correlation, factor and regression analyses. There were no significant correlations between the total CDSS and positive or negative symptoms at either time. In contrast, the HDRS total score was correlated with both positive and negative syndromes at time 2. Moreover, a number of HDRS factors correlated significantly with the PANSS positive scale at both times and with the negative subscale score at time 2. Multiple regression analysis showed that the HDRS accounted for more of the variance in positive and negative symptoms scores than did the CDSS. The CDSS has fewer factors and less overlap with positive and negative symptoms than the HDRS. This suggests that it is a more specific measure of level of depression than the HDRS for individuals with schizophrenia.
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PMID:A psychometric comparison of the Calgary Depression Scale for Schizophrenia and the Hamilton Depression Rating Scale. 878 19

Depression, as a feature of schizophrenia, is well established. However, clarifying the exact nature of this relationship has been problematic. The clinical measures routinely utilized to evaluate depression have not been specifically designed for use in schizophrenia, and it is well recognized that a variety of depressive symptoms overlap with other features common to this illness, e.g. negative symptoms, neuroleptic induced side effects. The present study compared three commonly used measures of depression (Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (Ham-D), Calgary Depression Scale (CDS) and the depression subscale of the Positive and Negative Syndrome scale (PANSS-D) in a group of outpatients with schizophrenia, evaluating the degree of association between the scales. Additionally, the relationship between each of the depression measures, negative symptoms and extrapyramidal symptoms (EPS) was calculated. Results revealed that all three measures of depression were significantly correlated, although the CDS was unique in its ability to distinguish between depression, negative symptoms and EPS. It is concluded that the CDS, when compared with the HAM-D and the PANSS-D, is the most suitable measure of depression in schizophrenia.
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PMID:Depression in schizophrenia: a comparison of three measures. 879 11

Isolated general malaise (IGM) is defined as an imprecise sensation of feeling bad, without any other signs or symptoms that suggest even a diagnostic orientation. 137 patients who demanded medical help for IGM were selected and divided into three groups, according to their evolution: IGM of banal or benign cause; IGM of easy or attainable diagnosis; and IGM of difficult or prolonged diagnosis. The 37 patients of the latter group were integrated under the title of Unexplained General Malaise Syndrome (UGMS). The criteria of these syndromes are defined. The patients with UGMS were studied in order to make a diagnosis of its unknown disease, which was achieved in all cases except two. The non-specific symptoms that the patients with UGMS manifest and their relation to final diagnosis are described. When the final diagnosis was made, the number of diagnostic tests used, the time of hospitalisation and the derived economic cost was estimated in each case compared to the corresponding mean data, obtained. Depression as the most frequent aetiology detected in the patients with UGMS, should be the first consideration made in any evaluation.
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PMID:[Etiology of isolated general malaise]. 918 21

To investigate in more detail concordance between the recently developed Comprehensive Psychopathological Rating Scale (CPRS) and the recently developed Self-Rating Scale for Affective Syndromes (CPRS-S-A), a total of 101 psychiatric out-patients were assessed using these procedures and a diagnostic interview according to DSM-III-R. Depressive and anxiety syndromes were the most common diagnoses on Axis I. Approximately one-third of the patients had a diagnosis of clinical personality disorder on Axis II. The majority of the patients were assessed as predominantly manifesting either Cluster B or Cluster C traits. In general, the correlation between self- and expert-ratings was strong (0.83 for the Montgomery-Asberg Rating Scale (MADRS) depression subscale and 0.76 for the Brief Scale for Anxiety (BSA) anxiety subscale), but it tended to be weaker in the group of patients with clinical personality disorders. The correlation between the two ratings was also weaker in the group with predominantly Cluster B character traits than in the group with predominantly Cluster C traits or the group with no predominant traits, and weaker in the depressive group than in the anxiety group. However, personality disorder diagnoses were over-represented in the depressive group. The weaker correlations in the groups mentioned above may have been attributable to psychological factors and qualitative differences in cognitive and communicative style. The CPRS-S-A is considered to be a useful and reliable instrument for quantitative rating of symptoms in out-patients. Our results highlight the potential value of using appropriate self-assessment forms as complementary tools in clinical practice and research.
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PMID:Determinants of self-rating and expert rating concordance in psychiatric out-patients, using the affective subscales of the CPRS. 902 Sep 88

Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD) had received a new interest from fundamental research (psychopharmacology, neurobiology and brain imagery...). Although more investigation of OCD clinical aspects are needed, especially in large cohorts of patients, not seen nor investigated only in high specialized psychiatric units. A large french survey "Screening-Understanding-Treating OCD" was conducted in 1994 with the participation of 240 psychiatrists. The survey had included 4,363 new consecutive patients consulting in out-patient psychiatry. The phase 1 had shown a point prevalence rates of 9.2% for OCD (full criteria of DSM III-R) and 17% for OCS (Obsessive-Compulsive Syndromes). From 731 patients, the phrase 2 was conducted on a cohort of 646 patients with OCD or OCS and had explored in details in the clinical aspects of the OC illness (typology, symptomatic categories, comorbidity, OCD spectrum, psychiatric family history and treatment history...). The results of the french survey phase 2 had confirmed a variety of classical and current literature data, especially: the ICD 10 proposal for diagnostic sub-typology according to symptomatic predominance (obsessions, compulsions or both); the symptomatic clustering of obsessions and compulsions into three major categories, suggested by a recent study from the Boston University; the high rate of comorbidity with anxiety and depressive disorders and with disorders related to the large OCD spectrum (somatoform disorders, eating disorders, impulse-control disorders, compulsive buying...); the impact of clinical parameters (as slowness, avoidance, lack of insight) on clinical global OCD and OCS severity; the high rate of intrafamilial psychiatric morbidity (OCD, depression, anxiety disorders).
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PMID:[Clinical aspects of obsessive-compulsive syndromes: results of phase 2 of a large French survey]. 903 81

There is increasing evidence suggesting that symptoms of depression and anxiety may also be associated with serotonergic dysfunction in schizophrenic patients. The effect of the adjuvant selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor citalopram was assessed regarding the symptom dimensions of schizophrenia measured with the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS) and with the Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression (HRSD). Citalopram alleviated symptoms of the depression/anxiety dimension of the PANSS, but not the symptoms of the four other PANSS domains or depressive symptoms measured with the HRSD. The results support the hypothesis of a serotonergic dimension in schizophrenia.
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PMID:Citalopram as an adjuvant in schizophrenia: further evidence for a serotonergic dimension in schizophrenia. 917 31

To date, no definitive etiology has been described for Poult Enteritis and Mortality Syndrome (PEMS). However, two atypical Escherichia coli colony types are isolated consistently from moribund and dead poults afflicted with PEMS. To test the infectivity of these E. coli strains, poults were placed into floor pens in three isolation treatment rooms: 1) CONTROL: no bacterial challenge, 2) E. coli colony Types 1 or 2 posthatch oral challenge: 10(8) cfu/per poult at 1 d, and 3) E. coli colony Types 1 or 2 posthatch oral challenge: 10(8) cfu/per poult at 6 d. Daily intramuscular injections of cyclophosphamide (100 micrograms per poult) from 1 to 5 d posthatch were given to half of the poults in each treatment. Atypical E. coli challenge caused BW depression, and cyclophosphamide treatment exacerbated the response. All E. coli-challenged poults developed diarrhea similar to PEMS. Mortality was increased by both atypical E. coli colony types, but at 21 d E. coli colony Type 2 caused greater mortality than colony Type 1. With cyclophosphamide treatment, mortality was exacerbated with both colony types, but colony Type 2 at 1 d caused the greatest mortality. Ultrastructural damage to ileum epithelium cell microvilli and subcellular organelles indicated that part of the BW depression could be attributed to malabsorption of nutrients. It was concluded that the atypical E. coli colony Types 1 and 2 play a significant role in the PEMS disease.
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PMID:Atypical Escherichia coli strains and their association with poult enteritis and mortality syndrome. 920 Feb 30


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