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Query: UMLS:C0011570 (depression)
 172,036 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Neuropsychological findings in 10 clinical cases of progressive supranuclear palsy are presented. Patients were aged 52 to 80 and the duration of their illness was 1 to 5 years. Severe psychological disturbances e.g. depression or outbursts of irritability were prominent features in 5 patients. Formal neuropsychological testing disclosed mental slowing, impaired attention, reduced verbal fluency and elaborated linguistic abilities, poor abstract thinking and reasoning, mild to moderate memory loss, dynamic apraxia, grasping, motor impersistence, imitation and utilization behaviour. The clinical similarities between these neuropsychological changes and frontal lobe syndromes, together with the lack of cortical involvement, suggest that the "dementia" of progressive supranuclear palsy could be explained by deactivation of the frontal cortex by subcortical lesions. The special importance of pallidal and mesencephalic reticular involvement in the syndrome is hypothetized.
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PMID:[Frontal syndrome of progressive supranuclear palsy]. 408 15

The hatchetfish, Gasteropelecus, possesses large pectoral fin adductor muscles whose simultaneous contraction enables the fish to dart upwards at the approach of a predator. These muscles can be excited by either Mauthner fiber. In the medulla, each Mauthner fiber forms axo-axonic synapses on four "giant fibers," two on each side of the midline. Each pair of giant fibers innervates ipsilateral motoneurons controlling the pectoral fin adductor muscles. Mauthner fibers and giant fibers can be penetrated simultaneously by microelectrodes close to the synapses between them. Electrophysiological evidence indicates that transmission from Mauthner to giant fiber is chemically mediated. Under some conditions miniature postsynaptic potentials (PSP's) are observed, suggesting quantal release of transmitter. However, relatively high frequency stimulation reduces PSP amplitude below that of the miniature potentials, but causes no complete failures of PSP's. Thus quantum size is reduced or postsynaptic membrane is desensitized. Ramp currents in Mauthner fibers that rise too slowly to initiate spikes can evoke responses in giant fibers that appear to be asynchronous PSP's. Probably both spikes and ramp currents act on the same secretory mechanism. A single Mauthner fiber spike is followed by prolonged depression of transmission; also PSP amplitude is little affected by current pulses that markedly alter presynaptic spike height. These findings suggest that even a small spike releases most of an immediately available store of transmitter. If so, the probability of release by a single spike is high for any quantum of transmitter within this store.
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PMID:Chemically mediated transmission at a giant fiber synapse in the central nervous system of a vertebrate. 430 56

Progressive supranuclear palsy (Steele et al.) has a characteristic pattern of dementia: (1) forgetfulness, (2) slowing of thought processes, (3) emotional or personality changes (apathy or depression with occasional outbursts of irritability), and (4) impaired ability to manipulate acquired knowledge. In many neurological disease states associated with subcortical pathology a similar pattern of dementia exists. The neurobehavioural changes of progressive supranuclear palsy thus typify a clinical pattern which may be referred to as subcortical dementia. The subcortical dementias have a striking clinical resemblance to the dementia which occurs after bifrontal lobe disease. However, the subcortical dementias can be clearly distinguished clinically from cortical dementias, other than frontal dementias. We propose as a tentative hypothesis that there may be common pathophysiological mechanisms underlying the subcortical dementias-in particular, disturbances of timing and activation. There are immediate practical implications of this hypothesis: drugs which have an effect on subcortical timing and activating mechanisms may be useful in the treatment of subcortical dementias.
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PMID:The 'subcortical dementia' of progressive supranuclear palsy. 481 5

Hemodynamic and antidysrhythmic studies were performed to determine the effects of manganese (Mn) on inotropy and chronotropy in normally perfused isolated rabbit hearts (IRHs), and the efficacy of Mn in suppressing and terminating ventricular dysrhythmias (VDs) in regionally ischemic IRHs. Four groups of eight hearts were perfused with Krebs-Ringer bicarbonate solution (KRB) during the control period, followed by 10 min of perfusion with either KRB, as control, or KRB containing 1.0 mM (A), 0.1 mM (B), or 0.01 mM (C) MnCl2. All hearts were then again perfused, for 10 min, with KRB alone (washout). A caused marked depression of heart rate (HR), peak left ventricular (LV) systolic pressure (PSP) and peak LV dP/dt, B resulted in significant depression of HR alone, and C resulted in significant increases in PSP and dP/dt, with a slight fall in HR. Negative effects of Mn were rapidly reversed during washout. Sustained (greater than 2 min) VDs were induced in five of six by sequential bolus injections of isoproterenol and procaine, following ligation of the left marginal coronary artery. A second group of identically treated hearts developed identical VDs with the same frequency, but were reverted to sinus rhythm by a 2-mol bolus of 10 mM MnCl2, without induction of AV block. In a third group of hearts, treated as described for the two groups above, but perfused with KRB containing 0.1 mM Mn, only one of six developed a sustained VD. These results encourage further work, in ischemic whole animal models, to determine the antidysrhythmic efficacy of manganese.
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PMID:Antidysrhythmic and dose-related hemodynamic effects of manganese in perfused isolated rabbit hearts. 617 92

Subcortical dementia is a clinical syndrome characterized by slowness of mental processing, forgetfulness, impaired cognition, apathy, and depression. First recognized in progressive supranuclear palsy and Huntington's disease, the concept has been extended to account for the intellectual impairment of Parkinson's disease, Wilson's disease, spinocerebellar degenerations, idiopathic basal ganglia calcification, the lacunar state, and the dementia syndrome of depression. Disorders manifesting subcortical dementia have pathologic changes that involve primarily the thalamus, basal ganglia, and related brain-stem nuclei with relative sparing of the cerebral cortex. Recent studies of neuropsychologic deficits following focal subcortical lesions also support a role for these structures in arousal, attention, mood, motivation, language, memory, abstraction, and visuospatial skills. The clinical characteristics of subcortical dementia differ from those of dementia of Alzheimer's type where prominent cerebral cortical involvement produces aphasia, amnesia, agnosia, and apraxia.
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PMID:Subcortical dementia. Review of an emerging concept. 623 97

A patient with hyperkalemic periodic paralysis experienced the gradual onset of additional and unexpected neurologic abnormalities in middle age, suggestive of progressive supranuclear palsy. Although the concurrence of these findings may be coincidental, these features may evade recognition in other patients by being misattributed to chronic myopathy or depression.
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PMID:Progressive supranuclear palsy and hyperkalemic periodic paralysis. 738 97

Progressive supranuclear palsy (PSP) is an unusual neurodegenerative disorder that superficially resembles Parkinson's disease (PD). It is characterized by gaze palsy, bulbar signs, parkinsonian signs, and mental changes. While mental changes are a frequent finding, they have, with the exception of dementia, been poorly defined. In this study, 19 patients with PSP were evaluated psychiatrically and compared with 42 patients with PD. Fifty-two percent of the patients had some degree of dementia, as measured by the Mini-Mental State Exam. Eight (42%) of the PSP patients had other psychiatric diagnoses, mostly relatively mild depression or anxiety, though two patients had more severe depression. Six (32%) patients had pathologic laughing or crying, and four of these had a psychiatric diagnosis other than dementia. The PSP patients did not differ from the PD patients on measures of depression or anxiety and did not have a greater rate of formal psychiatric diagnoses. This study confirms previous reports of dementia as a common feature of PSP. It further suggests that psychiatric disturbances, while common, are generally relatively mild, though more serious psychiatric illness may be seen.
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PMID:Psychiatric symptoms in progressive supranuclear palsy. 750 85

The pattern of cortical and subcortical neuropathologic lesions in corticobasal degeneration (CBD) should predict a specific cognitive profile in this disease. To characterize this profile and to determine its specificity by comparison with progressive supranuclear palsy (PSP) and senile dementia of the Alzheimer's type (SDAT), we used an extensive neuropsychological battery assessing global efficiency, executive functions, various tests of encoding and retrieval, dynamic motor organization, and upper limb praxis. We compared the performance of patients with CBD (n = 15) with that of controls (n = 19) matched for age and education, and with that of patients with PSP and SDAT (15 in each group), matched for severity of dementia and depression. Patients with CBD showed: (1) a moderate global deterioration; (2) a dysexecutive syndrome similar to that of patients with PSP and more severe than in SDAT; (3) explicit learning deficits, without retention difficulties and easily compensated by using the same semantic cues at encoding and retrieval as in PSP; this was in contrast with SDAT where cued recall and recognition were also impaired; (4) disorders of dynamic motor execution (temporal organization, bimanual coordination, control, and inhibition) similar to those of patients with PSP and not in SDAT; (5) asymmetric praxis disorders (posture imitation, symbolic gesture execution, and object utilization) that were not observed in PSP or SDAT. Patients with CBD show a specific neuropsychological pattern associating a dysexecutive syndrome, likely due to degeneration of the basal ganglia and prefrontal cortex, and asymmetric praxis disorders, which might be related to premotor and parietal lobe lesions. This neuropsychological profile may help to distinguish this condition clinically from other neurodegenerative diseases.
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PMID:The neuropsychological pattern of corticobasal degeneration: comparison with progressive supranuclear palsy and Alzheimer's disease. 764 44

To study the neuropsychological pattern of striatonigral degeneration (SND), 14 consecutive patients with probable SND were submitted to an extensive battery of neuropsychological tests. Compared with controls the performance of patients with SND was impaired on category and phonemic fluency, frontal behaviours, trail making test A and B, and free recall of the Grober and Buschke test, but normal on the revised WAIS verbal scale, Raven 47 coloured progressive matrices, Wechsler memory scale, California verbal learning test, Wisconsin card sorting test, and the Stroop interference condition. The performance of patients with SND was also compared with that of 14 patients with Parkinson's disease and 14 patients with progressive supranuclear palsy (PSP) matched for age at onset, duration of disease, severity of intellectual deterioration, and depression. The results showed that the dysexecutive syndrome of SND is similar to that of Parkinson's disease and less severe than in PSP.
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PMID:Neuropsychological pattern of striatonigral degeneration: comparison with Parkinson's disease and progressive supranuclear palsy. 787 47

1. The excitation of lumbar motoneurons by reticulospinal axons traveling in the medial longitudinal fasciculus (MLF) was investigated in the newborn rat using intracellular recordings from lumbar motoneurons in an in vitro preparation of the brain stem and spinal cord. The tracer DiI (1,1'-dioctadecyl-3,3,3',3'-tetramethylindocarbocyanine) was introduced into the MLF of 6-day-old littermate rats that had been fixed with paraformaldehyde to evaluate the anatomic extent of this developing pathway. 2. Fibers labeled from the MLF by DiI were present in the cervical ventral and lateral white matter and a smaller number of labeled fibers extended to the lumbar enlargement. Patches of sparse terminal labeling were seen in the lumbar ventral gray. 3. In the in vitro preparation of the brain stem and spinal cord, MLF stimulation excited motoneurons through long-latency pathways in most motoneurons and through both short-(< 40 ms) and long-latency connections in 16 of 40 motoneurons studied. Short- and longer-latency components of the excitatory response were evaluated using mephenesin to reduce activity in polysynaptic pathways. 4. Paired-pulse stimulation of the MLF revealed a modest temporal facilitation of the short-latency excitatory postsynaptic potential (EPSP) at short interstimulus intervals (20-200 ms). Trains of stimulation at longer interstimulus intervals (1-30 s) resulted in a depression of EPSP amplitude. The time course of the synaptic depression was compared with that found in EPSPs resulting from paired-pulse stimulation of the dorsal root and found to be comparable. 5. The short-latency MLF EPSP was reversibly blocked by 6-cyano-7-nitroquinoxaline (CNQX), an antagonist of non-N-methyl-D-aspartate glutamate receptors, with a small CNQX-resistant component. Longer-latency components of the MLF EPSP were also blocked by CNQX, and some late components of the PSP were sensitive to strychnine. MLF activation of multiple polysynaptic pathways in the spinal cord is discussed.
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PMID:Excitation of lumbar motoneurons by the medial longitudinal fasciculus in the in vitro brain stem spinal cord preparation of the neonatal rat. 812 May 80


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