Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0011570 (depression)
 172,036 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

In order to examine the role of serotonin-2 (5HT2) receptors in depression and suicide, we determined 5HT2 receptors using 125I-lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) as the binding ligand in platelets obtained from 20 normal control and 23 drug-free depressed patients. Our results indicate significantly increased 125I-LSD binding sites (Bmax) in the platelets of depressed patients compared with normal control subjects. We also observed that a subgroup of depressed patients with a recent history of suicide attempts or suicidal ideation had significantly higher 5HT2 binding sites as compared with nonsuicidal depressed patients and normal controls. There were no significant differences in the apparent dissociation constant (Kd) values in the platelets of depressed patients compared with normal control subjects. To examine if the baseline 5HT2 receptors are related to either the severity of illness or treatment response, we determined the relationships of the baseline Bmax and Kd with baseline Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (HDRS) and Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale (BPRS) scores and change in scores after treatment. We found no significant correlation between baseline Bmax and Kd with the baseline HDRS or BPRS scores or change in these scores after psychoactive drug treatment. These results thus indicate increased platelet 5HT2 receptors in depression, but much more so in depressed patients with suicidal ideation or attempts.
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PMID:Platelet serotonin-2 receptor binding sites in depression and suicide. 237 26

Forty-two suicidal and 14 nonsuicidal affectively ill adolescent psychiatric inpatients were compared with respect to clinical phenomenology and measures of cognitive distortion, social skills, and familial-environmental stress. The suicidal group had an earlier onset and longer duration of affective illness and greater self-rated depression. The suicidal group also evinced greater cognitive distortion, less assertiveness, a greater likelihood of both a history and exposure to familial suicidality, and more life stressors within the 12 months prior to hospitalization. Among those suicidal patients who presented with a suicide attempt, suicidal intent was related to "double depression," comorbidity with substance abuse or conduct disorder, lack of assertiveness, family conflict, and family history of suicidal behavior. Early identification and treatment of affectively ill youth that target the above-noted domains may prevent much of the associated morbidity and mortality due to suicidality.
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PMID:Suicidality in affectively disordered adolescent inpatients. 238 93

In Sweden, suicides and attempted suicides with firearms are rare. This retrospective study is based on our experience with 12 consecutive cases of attempted suicide not resulting in death but in facial injuries. The extent of soft and hard tissue injuries is presented for each case. The maxilla was the bone most often fractured. Six patients sustained mandibular fractures, three with major bone defects. Depression was by far the most common emotional state immediately preceding the suicide attempt. At least four patients were under the influence of alcohol at the time of the injury. Initial treatment included sharp, conservative debridement and internal or external fixation of jaws. Bone grafting, local or distant flaps were postponed until all devitalized tissue was recognized. We conclude that these self-inflicted injuries with an initially grotesque appearance respond well to conservative debridement and early reconstruction, leading to satisfactory functional aesthetic, social and psychiatric rehabilitation.
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PMID:Close range blasts toward the maxillofacial region in attempted suicide. 238 27

Based on the relation found to exist between low CSF 5-HIAA and suicide attempt, in particular violent suicide attempt, both in depressed and in so-called nondepressed suicide attempters, the conclusion was drawn that decreased central 5-HT metabolism is related to (auto)aggression, rather than to depression. We challenged this conclusion and that for three reasons: Violent suicide attempt accumulates in certain types of depression making it impossible to conclude whether the biological variable relates to (auto)aggression or to that type of depression as such. Nondepressed suicide attempter is a diagnosis that should be based on presuicidal not on postsuicidal data, in order to avoid false-positive diagnoses. Suicide method is not a reliable index of seriousness of the attempt. Risk/rescue ratio should be used instead. Next the data are discussed that do support the hypothesis that diminished 5-HT metabolism in the brain is related to disregulation of aggression. Finally, the hypothesis is launched that both mood and aggression disorders are related to decreased 5-HT metabolism in the CNS. This would provide a biological explanation for the clinical observation that disorders in mood and in aggression often go hand in hand. Biological research of psychiatric disorders gains in informative value as the psychopathological analysis of the phenomena one studies is more comprehensive. Biological suicide research is no exception to this rule.
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PMID:The serotonin hypothesis of (auto)aggression. Critical appraisal of the evidence. 243 30

Metatherapy (a psychotherapeutic procedure based upon parental couple collaboration) is a technique useful for working with severely disorganized family contexts, in which psychopathological diseases (such as psychotic or psychosomatic disorders, suicide attempts of the children etc.) can appear. The management of the family has two definite phases: (a) case evaluation, with the participation of the whole family group and (b) case treatment, with exclusive participation and active collaboration of the parental couple. The usefulness of this therapeutic tool proceeds from the restructuration and boundary delimitation that it provides, stressing the recuperation of parental executive capacity. Thus, metatherapy can be used in the treatment of suicide attempts and severe depression of children and early adolescents, because the patients can see themselves free of the mark of illness, and the parents (usually suffering from a very strong anxiety and powerful feelings of guilt) can be confirmed in their role and be pleased to give their collaboration for the treatment of their family. These interactional changes improve the clinical outcome of these cases.
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PMID:Psychotherapeutic management of suicide attempts in children and early adolescents: working with parents. 248 90

The Beck Depression Inventory, Hopelessness scale, and Suicidal Intent scale (SIS) scores of 413 patients, who were hospitalized for suicide attempts (attempters) between 1970 and 1975 and followed until 1982, were used in multiple logistic regression analyses to predict the risk of eventually committing suicide. Out of 10 clinical and demographic characteristics chosen to control for possible confounding with the scales, only a diagnosis of alcoholism predicted eventual suicide. The risk of the alcoholics eventually committing suicide was over five times greater than that of the non-alcoholics. Controlling for confounding with unemployment and a diagnosis of alcoholism, the SIS Precautions subscale was also found to predict eventual suicide. The risk of committing suicide rose 67% with each point that the Precautions scale increased. The 20 (4.8%) attempters who eventually killed themselves had described taking more precautions against discovery at the time of their index attempt than the 393 (95.2%) who did not commit suicide.
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PMID:Clinical predictors of eventual suicide: a 5- to 10-year prospective study of suicide attempters. 252 88

3H-Imipramine binding was measured in freshly prepared platelet membranes from 47 drug-free major depressives and 46 healthy controls. Where possible, platelet binding in depressed subjects was repeated following treatment. A significant negative correlation was found between Bmax and assay protein concentration and Bmax values were corrected for this effect. Adjusted Bmax was significantly lower (by 14%) in female depressed patients than in female control subjects, and the difference was of similar magnitude premenopausally and postmenopausally. No such difference was found in males. Kd did not differ significantly between depressed and control subjects. Multiple regression analysis confirmed significant effects on Bmax of presence of depressive illness, age (positive correlation), and season (higher in summer). Within the depressed sample, Bmax was significantly lower in those subjects with obsessional features. Endogenicity (Research Diagnostic Criteria or Newcastle), dexamethasone suppression test result, drug-free interval, family history of depression, depressive psychosis, suicidal ideation, and past history of suicide attempts were not significantly related to Bmax. Paired comparisons revealed no significant effect on Bmax of 6 weeks' treatment with imipramine, maprotiline, or BRL 14342 or of a course of electroconvulsive therapy.
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PMID:3H-imipramine binding to freshly prepared platelet membranes in depression. 254 56

Magnesium and calcium concentrations were measured in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of 15 neurological controls and 41 psychiatric patients suffering from major depression (n = 16), schizophrenic disorder (n = 15), or adjustment disorder (n = 10). All subjects were women 19-67 years of age and free from drugs at the time of the study. CSF was evaluated for 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5-HIAA), homovanillic acid (HVA), and cortisol (CS) levels, and all patients received a dexamethasone suppression test (DST) following lumbar puncture. CSF calcium levels did not differ among groups, although we found a trend toward higher mean levels in both depression and schizophrenia. By contrast, CSF magnesium was found to be significantly lower in both depression and adjustment disorder; if, however, patients who had made suicide attempts were excluded, the difference became insignificant. Patients who had made suicide attempts (by using either violent or nonviolent means) had significantly lower mean CSF magnesium level irrespective of the diagnosis. CSF calcium did not correlate with magnesium, 5-HIAA, HVA, CS, global severity, therapeutic response, or DST, but CSF magnesium correlated significantly with CSF 5-HIAA, especially after correcting for age and body height. Both variables seemed to be primarily related to recorded suicide attempts, but decreased magnesium was not limited to violent cases.
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PMID:Cerebrospinal fluid magnesium and calcium related to amine metabolites, diagnosis, and suicide attempts. 257 29

In this study, the association and outcome of panic and depression were investigated in an epidemiological cohort of young adults interviewed at age 21, 23, and 28. The prevalence rates of sporadic panic, panic disorder, major depression, and recurrent brief depression were very stable. There was a clear preponderance of females in all diagnoses. Panic and depression overlapped to a large extent cross-sectionally at all 3 interviews, and this overlap increased in a longitudinal perspective. For the analysis of outcome, the subjects were divided into 4 groups according to their diagnosis at the first interview: pure panic, pure depression, mixed panic and depression, and controls. Irrespective of the first diagnosis, the 7-year outcome showed a strong tendency to develop into pure depression or mixed panic and depression at follow-up interviews. In a longitudinal perspective, cases that suffered from both panic and depression appeared more severely ill, as expressed in very high treatment rates and a high rate of lifetime suicide attempts.
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PMID:Outcome of panic and depression in a seven-year follow-up: results of the Zurich study. 261 82

A prospective study was undertaken to compare the patterns of psychiatric referrals in two general hospitals in Bombay viz. the King Edward Memorial Hospital (64 cases) and the Jaslok Hospital and Research Centre (62 cases). It was observed that depressive symptoms were the most common presenting symptoms in these patients attending either of the hospitals. Similarly, the commonest diagnoses were depression and organic mental disorder. Attempted suicide with organophosphorous compounds was the commonest reason for hospitalization at K.E.M. Hospital (p less than 0.001). A significant number of these patients were females (p less than 0.05). The psychiatric referrals at Jaslok had been hospitalized mainly for suspected medical or neurological illness (p less than 0.001). These patients belonged to higher economic strata and hence had a better paying capacity compared to patients at KEM hospital, a significant number of whom were unemployed (p less than 0.001). The duration of pre-referred illness of patients and their stay at Jaslok hospital were longer as compared to those at KEM Hospital (p less than 0.01). The number of non-relevant special investigations carried out on patients in Jaslok was more (p less than 0.01). Further analysis of diagnoses revealed that a significant number of patients at KEM Hospital were admitted as primary psychiatric illness (p less than 0.05).
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PMID:Psychiatric referrals in two general hospitals. 263 58


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