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Query: UMLS:C0011570 (depression)
 172,036 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Depression is a common mental disorder associated with poor health outcomes. The purpose of this study is to examine the prevalence of depression, mental health comorbidity, illness variables, and quality of life in a sample of military veterans serving during the first Gulf War. The Iowa Gulf War Case Validation Study involved face-to-face evaluations in 1999--2002 of 602 military personnel--either deployed ("deployed veterans") or eligible but not deployed ("non-deployed veterans") to the Gulf. Subjects were sampled by conducting a series of case-control studies nested within a population-based survey of 4,886 military personnel. All subjects were interviewed using the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV (SCID-IV), and a series of semi-structured interviews and validated questionnaires. Best estimate psychiatric diagnoses were assigned based on all available data. One-hundred-ninety-two (32%) of the 602 surveyed veterans met criteria for a current or lifetime depressive disorder (major depression, dysthymia, depressive disorder--not otherwise specified). Depressed non-deployed veterans were more likely to be female and to have served in the Air Force than depressed deployed veterans. There were few significant differences between the depressed deployed veterans and the depressed non-deployed veterans. Depressed deployed veterans had significantly higher lifetime rates of comorbid cognitive dysfunction (55% vs. 35%), and anxiety disorders (59% vs. 33%)--mainly accounted for by specific phobias (12% vs. 2%) and posttraumatic stress disorder (33% vs. 10%)--than did depressed non-deployed veterans. Lifetime substance use disorders were significantly more frequent in deployed veterans than non-deployed veterans (70% vs. 52%), particularly alcohol disorders (68% vs. 52%). There were no differences in rates of personality characteristics, family psychiatric history, stressors, hypochondriasis, and level of functioning between the two study groups showed no significant differences. Depressive illness is frequent in military samples, as it is in the general population. The prevalence, pattern of comorbidity, and illness features were similar in deployed veterans and non-deployed veterans, suggesting that the depression suffered by both groups of veterans is qualitatively comparable. The main difference between study, groups was that depressed deployed veterans had higher rates than depressed non-deployed veterans of comorbid anxiety disorders, hypothesized to be part of the stress-related syndromes seen in those who experience combat.
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PMID:Depression in veterans of the first Gulf War and comparable military controls. 1532 98

This study examines the demographic and clinical correlates and time course of depressive symptoms among abstinent adolescents with substance use disorders (SUD) during residential treatment. Fifty-six adolescents were administered the Beck Depression Inventory at Weeks 1, 3, and 5 of residential treatment for SUD. Clinically significant depression persisted in a substantial minority at the time of discharge. Shorter length of stay patients reported higher baseline scores and a significant decline by Week 3. Longer length of stay patients showed significant decline in scores only at Week 5. Females, Caucasians, and high frequency cocaine/opiates users had elevated depressive symptoms, while those with shorter duration of abstinence did not.
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PMID:Depressive symptoms in adolescents during residential treatment for substance use disorders. 1537 Sep 45

Although school-based mental health screening and treatment programs have been proposed as a viable means of reaching youth with unmet mental health needs, no previous reports have attempted to comprehensively document the costs of such programs. The purposes of this report are (1) to estimate the cost of a school-based mental health screening and treatment program in a real-world school setting, and (2) to outline the methods and procedures that should be employed by future investigators to explore the costs of such programs. The program, located in a middle school in a low-income, largely Hispanic neighborhood in New York City, aimed to screen all students in Grades 6-8 for anxiety, depression, and substance use disorders. Most students in need of treatment were referred to the school-based treatment program, where social workers offered individual and group counseling. Economic evaluation methods and a before/after study design were used to assess the costs of the screening and treatment programs for 3 years of operation. Costs were estimated from the societal perspective, which includes all measurable program costs regardless of who bears the costs, and the school perspective, which includes only costs that would be borne directly by a school operating these programs. Data primarily came from administrative records and staff interviews. The total cost ranged from 106,125 dollars to 172,018 dollars for the screening program and from 420,077 dollars to 468,320 dollars for the treatment program. The cost of the screening program ranged from 149 dollars to 234 dollars per student and the cost of the treatment program ranged from 90 dollars to 115 dollars per session. These costs were estimated from the perspective of society. Applying economic cost analysis methods in a real-world school setting is challenging, but the process can generate useful estimates. Cost analyses and cost-effectiveness studies are needed in this area.
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PMID:Cost assessment of a school-based mental health screening and treatment program in New York City. 1547 2

In common with all other classes of substance use disorders, cocaine dependence has been shown to be strongly associated with depression by community and clinical surveys. Diagnosing depression in cocaine abusers can be challenging because it is difficult to distinguish transient symptoms caused by cocaine from enduring depression syndromes. Nonetheless, both "substance-induced" and "independent" depression syndromes require clinical attention, especially when symptoms have been persistent and severe before entering treatment. Use of antidepressant medications for combined cocaine dependence and depression is supported by a preponderance of evidence from 4 randomized clinical trials (RCTs) that prospectively targeted both depression and cocaine dependence and 7 RCTs in which a post hoc analyses demonstrated efficacy in the subgroup of cocaine abusers with comorbid depression. Notably, most negative studies have evaluated SSRIs while positive studies have used agents such as desipramine or buproprion. A substantial clinical trials literature supports the efficacy of behavioral treatments for general populations of cocaine abusers and of patients with depression but few studies have addressed patients with both disorders. Treatment development and research are needed on models of care that truly integrate strategies for addressing both cocaine use and depression. Recent advances have paved the way for a new generation of research. These include validation of efficacious cocaine treatments, improved diagnostic methods, organization of the Clinical Trials Network and development of guidelines for managing methodological challenges posed by high rates of current medication use and polysubstance abuse in treatment entering cocaine abusers.
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PMID:Treatment of cocaine dependence and depression. 1555 26

Poor electrodermal response modulation is associated with substance use disorders, but the specificity of the relationship has not been tested. To test this, 112 college students were assessed for psychiatric symptoms using structured interviews and for ability to modulate skin conductance responses to 2-s 92- or 110-dB white noise blasts that varied in temporal predictability. Twenty-eight good and 28 poor modulators were compared on symptoms of alcohol and illicit drug use disorders, personality disorders (antisocial, borderline, histrionic, and narcissistic), social and specific phobia, and depression. As expected, poor modulators had significantly more symptoms of substance use disorders than good modulators. Groups did not differ in symptoms of anxiety disorder, depression, or personality disorders marked by disinhibition. Poor electrodermal response modulation may reflect a biological risk factor for substance use disorders in particular.
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PMID:Electrodermal reactivity and its association to substance use disorders. 1556 50

Sleep disturbances are associated with a number of psychiatric disorders, including depression, anxiety disorders, and substance use disorders, and many psychiatric patients report symptoms such as insomnia, tiredness, fatigue, and excessive sleepiness. Despite their known negative impact on daytime functioning and quality of life, less than 10% of individuals with these symptoms visit physicians specifically for their sleeping problems. Although there are many explanations for this lack of reporting, one possibility is that individuals are often unaware of the impact of sleepiness on their daytime functioning. Therefore, the burden of identifying sleepiness and its consequences often resides with physicians and other health care professionals. This process of detection is assisted by rating scales and subjective and objective tests. Although prior discussions on these topics have focused on the understanding and identification of either excessive sleepiness or insomnia, these symptoms often coexist, introducing a clinical challenge in that it becomes unclear which of these two should become the initial focus of clinical attention. When both excessive sleepiness and insomnia coexist, a circadian rhythm sleep disorder may be present, such as jet lag type, delayed and advanced sleep phase types, and shift work type.
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PMID:Assessment of excessive sleepiness and insomnia as they relate to circadian rhythm sleep disorders. 1557

Although bipolar disorder is the Axis I psychiatric disorder associated with the highest rate of co-occurring substance use disorders, little research has focused on treatments specifically designed for these patients. The author and his colleagues have developed and studied Integrated Group Therapy (IGT) for this population. This paper describes common themes that have emerged in carrying out IGT for patients with bipolar disorder and substance dependence. These include the strong emphasis on depression, as opposed to mania; the predominance of hopelessness; specific patterns of medication noncompliance; and the implications of patients' labeling their substance use as self-medication. Therapeutic aspects involved in addressing these themes are discussed.
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PMID:Treating patients with bipolar disorder and substance dependence: lessons learned. 1561 Aug 32

Infectious diseases, especially hepatitis C, are prevalent among drug abusers. Interferon-alpha (IFN-alpha) is the pharmacological treatment of choice for this condition. Patients being treated with IFN-alpha can be expected to experience such psychiatric side-effects as development of depression, mania, irritability, changes in personality, hallucinations or delirium. In addition, certain patients are considered to be at greater risk of developing neuropsychiatric side-effects. Individuals meeting the following criteria are particularly vulnerable: over 40 years of age; having central nervous system abnormalities; a previous neurological or psychiatric history; a past familial psychiatric history; use of narcotics or having alcohol or substance use disorders; being HIV-positive; coadministration of other cytokines; receiving high doses of IFN-alpha (> 6 million units). We report the case of a 29-year-old patient with chronic non-active hepatitis C, a previous psychiatric history of polydrug abuse (cannabis, heroin and illegal use of the psychotropic drug biperiden) and anxiety disorder. Two weeks after the initiation of IFN-alpha treatment, he developed fatigue, sleeplessness and persecutory delusions. The patient responded partially to the discontinuation of the IFN-alpha treatment. Due to the presence of three risk factors in this patient, he was considered to belong to the group of patients being 'at high risk' of developing neuropsychiatric side-effects. This is the first case report of major depressive disorder with psychotic features in such a 'high-risk patient'. This case report may prompt other research by showing the importance of the close monitoring, and the prevention of the progression of IFN-alpha-related psychiatric disorders in 'a high-risk patient'.
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PMID:Major depressive disorder with psychotic features induced by interferon-alpha treatment for hepatitis C in a polydrug abuser. 1567 Nov 36

Patients with major depressive disorder (MDD) often present with concurrent substance use disorders (SUD) involving alcohol and/or illicit drugs. This analysis compares the depressive symptomatic presentation and a range of clinical and demographic features of patients with MDD and concurrent SUD symptoms vs those without SUD symptoms, to clarify how these two differ and to determine whether concurrent SUD symptoms may alter the clinical presentation of MDD. The first 1500 outpatients with nonpsychotic MDD enrolled in the Sequenced Treatment Alternatives to Relieve Depression study were divided into those with and without concurrent SUD symptoms as ascertained by a self-report instrument, the Psychiatric Diagnostic Screening Questionnaire (PDSQ). Of the 1484 cases with completed baseline PDSQ, 28% (n = 419) of patients with MDD were found to endorse symptoms consistent with current SUD. Patients with symptoms consistent with SUD were more likely to be men (P < .0001), to be either divorced or never married (P = .018), to have a younger age of onset of depression (P = .014), and to have a higher rate of previous suicide attempts (P = .014) than those without SUD symptoms. Patients with major depressive disorder who have symptoms consistent with SUD endorsed greater functional impairment attributable to their illness than those without concurrent SUD symptoms (P = .0111). The presence of SUD symptoms did not alter the overall depressive symptom pattern of presentation, except that the dual-diagnosed patients had higher levels of hypersomnia (P = .006), anxious mood (P = .047), and suicidal ideation (P = .036) compared to those without SUD symptoms. In conclusion, gender, marital status, age of onset of major depression, functional impairment, and suicide risk factors differ in depressed patients with concurrent SUD symptoms compared to those without SUD comorbidity.
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PMID:Substance use disorder comorbidity in major depressive disorder: an exploratory analysis of the Sequenced Treatment Alternatives to Relieve Depression cohort. 1572 23

HIV infection and psychiatric disorders have a complex relationship. Being HIV infected could result in psychiatric disorders as a psychological consequence of the infection or because of the effect of the HIV virus on the brain. Disorders may be as varied as depression, post-traumatic stress disorders, AIDS phobias, grief and the whole gamut of cognitive disorders. In addition, several psychiatric conditions may predispose individuals to acquiring HIV infection as a consequence of their influence on behaviour. There is also strong evidence of the relationship of substance use disorders and severe mental illnesses with HIV infection. HIV related psychiatric disorders also offer a challenge to clinicians in issues of differential diagnosis and management. Majority of the work in India has focused on substance use and HIV, and to a lesser extent on the psychiatric effects of HIV infection. Given the magnitude of the problem in the country and the multiple physical and psychological stressors that persons with HIV face in India, more research is needed.
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PMID:HIV & psychiatric disorders. 1581 56


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