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Query: UMLS:C0011570 (depression)
 172,036 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Imagining happy events, sad events, and the events of a typical day led to measurable electromyographic (EMG) changes in the corrugator muscle of the face in both depressed and nondepressed subjects. The depressed and nondepressed subjects could not be differentiated on the basis of muscle activity, whether depression was defined by a self-rating scale, an adjective checklist, or research criteria. Previous investigators have observed differences in the facial EMG patterns of depressed and nondepressed subjects who were not hospitalized; the authors suggest that such changes are a consequence of a general psychological stress state rather than of depression specifically.
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PMID:Facial muscle electromyography in depressed and nondepressed hospitalized subjects: a partial replication. 42 41

This study examined two categories of stress as a possible factor in previously mixed findings with regard to sex differences. Imagined physical stress and mental stress were induced by having Ss listen to tape-recorded descriptions of a car accident or taking a final exam. A self-report checklist was used to obtain ratings of anxiety, hostility and depression, and a Likert-type scale was employed to get Ss' estimates of their own emotional reactions. All Ss showed marked increase in emotionality scores after scene presentations. The results did not support the view that there are sex differences in responding due to different stressful conditions. However, females tended to express more emotionality than males to the stressful scenes. These differences were discussed in view of in vivo vs. in vitro presentation of stressful stimuli and the obtainment of sex differences as a function of where the measurement instrument falls on a subtle-obvious dimension.
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PMID:Sex differences as related to measurement of emotional arousal. 116 57

Research was conducted upon 28 patients with a diagnosis of endogenous depression after their pharmacological treatment with imipramine or chlorimipramine. The investigation considered the interrelationship between psychophysiological parameters (heart rate, respiration rhythm, postural muscular tension) and the indices of the cholinergic and adrenergic systems (kinetic parameters of choline transport in the blood; Vmax, the activity of plasmic pseudocholinesterase, Che; blood acetylcholinesterase AChE, monoaminoxidase in blood platelets, MAO; and dopamine beta hydroxylase DBH). The results indicate that during relapse of endogenous depression there occurs an imbalance in the cholinergic-adrenergic systems which may be the result of some somatic symptoms typically found in the depression syndrome. The appearance, after pharmacotherapy, of a correlation between the indices of the activity of the cholinergic system with the respiratory rhythm suggest that the part played by the cholinergic mechanism in the regulation of autonomic processes normalizes itself during the course of successful therapy. The appearance of characteristic correlations between the activity of the cholinergic and adrenergic systems and the psychophysiological parameters in the presence of relatively low psychological stress seems to accompany successful treatment with imipramine and chlorimipramine.
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PMID:[Psychophysiological characteristics and metabolic indices of neurotransmitter metabolism in patients ill with endogenous depression]. 130 98

Episodes of ST depression are closely related to transient decreases in regional myocardial perfusion during physical or mental stress. At the onset of these events, there is transient constriction of atherosclerotic stenoses, with an increase in myocardial demand as reflected by increases in heart rate and blood pressure. Recent research has shown that normal epicardial coronary arteries respond to these provocations and to increasing blood flow with progressive vasodilation. In contrast, atherosclerotic vessels lose this ability to dilate and may show paradoxical constriction. This abnormal constriction parallels the response of the arteries to acetylcholine, which can be used to assess the ability of the coronary endothelium to regulate vasodilation. The loss of endothelium-dependent vasodilation appears to be an important functional manifestation of coronary atherosclerosis and a potential triggering mechanism for transient ischemia. Dysfunctional endothelium may also result in a procoagulant surface, with cell adherence and local thrombus formation. Restoration of normal endothelial function is likely to emerge as an important therapeutic objective in the management of myocardial ischemia and coronary atherosclerosis.
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PMID:New insights into the management of myocardial ischemia. 144 5

In the discussion of possible factors in the etiology of Graves' disease, stress has always played a major role. We investigated the possible influence of present depression (depressivity scale DS) and anxiety (State Trait Angstinventar STAI X1) on peripheral lymphocyte subpopulations in 10 patients with Graves' disease. The tests were done in hyperthyroidism and after 2-4 months in stable euthyroidism. Parallel to the psychometric testing, peripheral lymphocyte subpopulations were investigated. Elevated anxiety as a constant personality trait was investigated with the State Trait Angstinventar STAI X2 in 19 hyperthyroid patients with Graves' disease. 5 of the 10 patients had a pathological T4:T8 ratio and very high raw values for present anxiety (mean = 53,8; STAI X1), as well as a a high percentile for depression (median 93,1; DS). The other 5 patients with a normal T4:T8 ratio had much lower values for anxiety (mean = 37,8; STAI X1) and depression (median 78,4; DS). In those patients, the T4:T8 ratio remained normal in stable euthyroidism, while the values for anxiety and depression decreased. This also happened in the patients with a formerly pathologic T4:T8 ratio. However, the pathologic T4:T8 ratio persisted in those patients. The STAI X2 percentage ranking for the 19 hyperthyroid patients was 76,5. The value for healthy people is 55,5. Therefore a significantly elevated anxiety--representing a constantly elevated internal psychological stress--seems to be present in patients with Graves' disease. Since psychological stress is known to influence the immune system, such a constant personality trait could be a predisposing factor for Graves' disease.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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PMID:The possible etiological role of psychological disturbances in Graves' disease. 151 57

To determine whether participating in physical activity affects psychological well-being in an adolescent population, 147 adolescents completed self-reports of exercise and psychological stress and well-being. Analysis revealed that those who reported greater physical activity also reported less stress and lower levels of depression. Adolescents who experienced a higher incidence of life events also demonstrated a strong association between stress and anxiety/depression/hostility. To investigate the effects of exercise training on psychological well-being, adolescents were assigned to either high or moderate intensity aerobic training, flexibility training or a control group. The training groups met twice per week for 25-30 min. Aerobic fitness levels, heart rate, blood pressure and self-report of stress and well-being were measured prior to and following 10 weeks of training. Post-training fitness measures confirmed the effectiveness of the high intensity aerobic exercise and between groups differences for physiological and some psychological measures were found. Subjects undergoing high intensity exercise reported significantly less stress than subjects in the remaining three groups. The relationship between stress and anxiety/depression/hostility for the high intensity group was considerably weakened at the end of the training period. For the remaining subjects, however, this relationship was, if anything, strengthened. This experiment provides evidence to suggest that in an adolescent population, high intensity aerobic exercise has positive effects on well-being.
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PMID:The effects of physical activity and exercise training on psychological stress and well-being in an adolescent population. 153 50

Menopause is a reproductive milestone in a woman's life around which many different myths have developed. We reviewed three sets of myths that middle-aged premenopausal women hold and evaluated those myths according to scientific data from our own work and that of others. First, middle-aged women expect to experience depression, irritability, and vasomotor symptoms during the menopause. It appears that the vast majority of postmenopausal women do not experience depression, but do experience vasomotor symptoms that are uncomfortable and may have secondary effects on psychological well being, especially during the perimenopause. Second, middle-aged women believe that holding negative expectations about the menopause affects the quality of the menopausal experience. Indeed, that appears to be the case, perhaps because myths can function as self-fulfilling prophecy. The third myth is that there are no important changes that occur during the menopause. That is incorrect. Estrogen deficiency during the menopause sets the stage for substantial changes in risk for CHD, which becomes clinically apparent later in life. We discussed how estrogen deficiency may influence both lipids and lipoprotein levels and the magnitude of neuroendocrine and cardiovascular respond to mental stress. That latter pathway is of particular interest because middle-aged women may be exposed more often to interpersonal stress and may respond more emotionally to it, relative to men, suggesting a potential interactive effect of the decline in reproductive hormones and co-occurring social and psychological changes during the menopausal period. This discussion of the myths and realities of the menopause has deliberately not been exhaustive.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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PMID:Myths and realities of the menopause. 155 95

Japanese mothers who had newly diagnosed diabetic children responded with shock, defensive retreat, and increased anxiety. During this process, the degree of their isolation was shown as trauma. Although many mothers had a strong reaction and suffered depression, loss of weight, pain, and feelings of exhaustion, they adapted to the diagnosis by the end of 1 year. Compared with an American study (Hamburg & Inoff, 1983), some of the mothers' patterns of coping were similar to those used by mothers in the United States; others were related specifically to accepted Japanese cultural practices. They used several characteristic coping strategies: resignation, holding out, and believing in religion. Nurses need to be aware of the fact that mothers face a variety of psychological stress factors after their children are diagnosed as diabetic. They should be encouraged to feel and express a realistic hope.
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PMID:Japanese mothers' responses to the diagnosis of childhood diabetes. 156 26

In patients with coronary artery disease, radionuclide investigations have documented a high incidence of mental stress-induced myocardial ischemia in the absence of significant electrocardiographic changes and/or angina. To investigate the causes of the low electrocardiographic sensitivity, we recorded body surface maps during mental arithmetic in 22 normal volunteers and 37 postinfarction patients with residual exercise ischemia. Myocardial perfusion was studied with thallium-201 or technetium-99 (SESTAMIBI) planar scans. In 14 patients, body surface maps were also recorded during atrial pacing at the heart rate values achieved during mental stress. While taking the body surface maps, the area from J point to 80 msec after this point (ST-80) was analyzed by integral maps, difference maps, and departure maps (the difference between each patient's difference map and the mean difference map for normal subjects). The body surface mapping criteria for ischemia were a new negative area on the integral maps, a negative potential of more than 2 SD from mean normal values on the difference maps, and a negative departure index of more than 2. Scintigraphy showed asymptomatic myocardial hypoperfusion in 33 patients. Eight patients had significant ST segment depression. The ST-80 integral and difference maps identified 17 ischemic patients. Twenty-four patients presented abnormal departure maps. One patient presented ST depression and abnormal body surface maps without reversible tracer defect. In 14 of 14 patients, atrial pacing did not reproduce the body surface map abnormalities. The analyses of the other electrocardiographic variables showed that in patients with mental stress-induced perfusion defects, only changes of T apex-T offset (aT-eT) interval in Frank leads and changes of maximum negative potential value of aT-eT integral maps significantly differed from those of normal subjects. Our results confirm the low electrocardiographic sensitivity for detecting mental stress-induced myocardial hypoperfusion in postinfarction patients. ST analysis in the body surface map increases the information content of the electrocardiographic signal. T wave analysis appears to offer fewer diagnostic advantages.
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PMID:Electrocardiographic markers of ischemia during mental stress testing in postinfarction patients. Role of body surface mapping. 182 36

A very considerable proportion of women, estimated from 50 to 80 per cent, experience a noticeable period of emotional distress, usually mild or transistor, between the third and the tenth day postpartum (postpartum blues: PPB). The onset of this syndrome conform to a practically immutable of timing-symptoms are almost never noted before the third day postpartum (latent period). After this period, in approximately 10 per cent of women, occurs a depression: postpartum depression (PPD), and last to 8 weeks. Neuro endocrine factors in the pathogenesis of postpartum depression is discussed: thyroid, pituitary and adrenal cortex are reviewed. Considerable evidence support that the late postpartum syndromes are associated to psychological stress of childbirth with postpartum decrease of placental steroids, estrogen and progesteron, with high levels of pituitary prolactin.
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PMID:[Neuroendocrine factors in postpartum blues]. 187 Apr 16


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