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 172,036 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The purpose of this study was to identify subjects with Post-traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) consequent to hallucinations and delusions and the experiences related to psychosis in schizophrenic and bipolar subjects. Schizophrenic and bipolar subjects were given questionnaires in order to evaluate PTSD incidence and symptoms. Subjects with classical types of trauma were excluded. Depression and stress scales were also answered. About one-third of schizophrenic subjects and one-half of bipolar subjects met PTSD criteria on the Penn PTSD Inventory. Hallucinations and delusions were identified as traumatic events in 60% of subjects with schizophrenia, but in only 15% of the subjects with bipolar disorder. Also, childhood abuse and various present stressors may contribute to the current PTSD symptomatology. Increases in PTSD scale scores were paralleled by increases in Beck depression scale scores. This study underscores the need for mental health clinicians to be sensitive to patients' illness experiences and to be aware of the therapeutic implications in treating PTSD in subjects with schizophrenia and bipolar illnesses.
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PMID:Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder in subjects with schizophrenia and bipolar disorder. 1235 16

Done properly by experienced therapists, re-exposure to memories of traumatic events via imaginal exposure therapy can lead to a reduction of Post-traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) symptoms. Exposure helps the patient process and habituate to memories and strong emotions associated with the traumatic event: memories and emotions they have been carefully avoiding. But many patients are unwilling or unable to self-generate and re-experience painful emotional images. The present case study describes the treatment of a survivor of the World Trade Center (WTC) attack of 9-11-01 who had developed acute PTSD. After she failed to improve with traditional imaginal exposure therapy, we sought to increase emotional engagement and treatment success using virtual reality (VR) exposure therapy. Over the course of six 1-h VR exposure therapy sessions, we gradually and systematically exposed the PTSD patient to virtual planes flying over the World Trade Center, jets crashing into the World Trade Center with animated explosions and sound effects, virtual people jumping to their deaths from the burning buildings, towers collapsing, and dust clouds. VR graded exposure therapy was successful for reducing acute PTSD symptoms. Depression and PTSD symptoms as measured by the Beck Depression Inventory and the Clinician Administered PTSD Scale indicated a large (83%) reduction in depression, and large (90%) reduction in PTSD symptoms after completing VR exposure therapy. Although case reports are scientifically inconclusive by nature, these strong preliminary results suggest that VR exposure therapy is a promising new medium for treating acute PTSD. This study may be examined in more detail at www.vrpain.com.
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PMID:Virtual reality exposure therapy for World Trade Center Post-traumatic Stress Disorder: a case report. 1255 15

This is the first study to evaluate the efficacy of a structured group therapy for posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in incarcerated male juveniles. Ten groups of juveniles (n = 45) completed a 12-session intervention with pre- and postassessments composed of the Post Traumatic Stress Disorder Reaction Index (C. Frederick, 1985) and supplementary measures of anxiety, anger, and depression. Overall, group participants experienced significant reductions in self-reported PTSD symptoms. Supplemental analyses suggest that this treatment was most beneficial for youth with trauma related to gang and community violence.
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PMID:Structured group therapy for posttraumatic stress disorder in incarcerated male juveniles. 1292 Dec 10

Post Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) is reported to be caused by traumatic events that are outside the range of usual human experiences including (but not limited to) military combat, violent personal assault, being kidnapped or taken hostage and terrorist attacks. Initial data suggests that 1 out of 6 returning Iraq War military personnel are exhibiting symptoms of depression, anxiety and PTSD. Virtual Reality (VR) exposure therapy has been used in previous treatments of PTSD patients with reports of positive outcomes. The aim of the current paper is to specify the rationale, design and development of an Iraq War PTSD VR application that is being created from the virtual assets that were initially developed for theX-Box game entitled Full Spectrum Warrior which was inspired by a combat tactical training simulation, Full Spectrum Command.
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PMID:Development of a VR therapy application for Iraq war military personnel with PTSD. 1571 69

Post-traumatic stress disorder is a common, chronic, and often disabling mental illness. Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors are the usual first-line treatment for post-traumatic stress disorder, but many patients fail to respond adequately. Thus, other treatment options, including the atypical antipsychotics such as risperidone, need to be tested. Women between the ages of 19 and 64 years with post-traumatic stress disorder were enrolled. Symptom severity was rated at baseline using the Treatment Outcomes Post-traumatic Stress Disorder Scale-8, Hamilton Rating Scale for Anxiety, Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression, and Clinician Administered Post-traumatic Stress Disorder Scale. After washout from other psychotropic medications, 20 participants were randomized to either risperidone or placebo. Total score on the Treatment Outcomes Post-traumatic Stress Disorder Scale-8 served as the primary outcome measure. Repeated-measures analysis of variance was followed by Newman-Keuls tests. A significant main effect exists for visits using the Treatment Outcomes Post-traumatic Stress Disorder Scale-8 raw score. For the treatment group, the difference between baseline Treatment Outcomes Post-traumatic Stress Disorder Scale-8 scores and treatment visit scores was significant beginning at visit 6 and continued through visit 11. No significant difference observed between baseline and any treatment visit for the placebo group. The Clinician Administered Post-traumatic Stress Disorder Scale, Hamilton Rating Scale for Anxiety, and Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression data revealed a similar pattern. In this small pilot study, risperidone monotherapy was more effective than placebo in the treatment of post-traumatic stress disorder.
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PMID:Risperidone monotherapy for post-traumatic stress disorder related to sexual assault and domestic abuse in women. 1687 98

Combat-related Post-traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) is often highly debilitating and affects nearly all areas of psychosocial functioning. Veterans with PTSD re-experience their traumas in the form of haunting intrusive memories, nightmares and flashbacks, and have chronic difficulty modulating arousal. As a way to cope with these symptoms, many survivors live isolated and avoidant lives, self-medicate with alcohol and substances of abuse, and numb themselves to emotional experiences and relationships with family and friends. Additionally, many combat veterans report survivor guilt, depression, affect dysregulation, and an altered world view in which fate is seen as uncontrollable and life is viewed as devoid of meaning. In this report we describe the use of logotherapy (healing through meaning) for the treatment of combat-related PTSD
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PMID:Logotherapy as an adjunctive treatment for chronic combat-related PTSD: a meaning-based intervention. 1689 52

Few research studies have systematically categorized the types of torture experienced around the world. The purpose of this study is to categorize the diverse traumatic events that are defined as torture, and determine how these torture types relate to demographics and symptom presentation. Data for 325 individuals were obtained through a retrospective review of records from the Bellevue/NYU for Survivors of Torture. A factor analysis generated a model with five factors corresponding to witnessing torture of others, torture of family members, physical beating, rape/sexual assault, and deprivation/passive torture. These factors were significantly correlated with a number of demographic variables (sex, education, and region of origin). Post Traumatic Stress Disorder, anxiety, and depression symptoms were significantly correlated with the rape factor but no other factors were uniquely associated with psychological distress. The results offer insight into the nature of torture and differences in responses.
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PMID:Classifying the torture experiences of refugees living in the United States. 1715 82

Today's network-centric battlefield environment is highly stressful and cognitively demanding. Many warfighters are feeling overwhelmed and end up being medically evacuated from theater due to mental health problems [i.e., post traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and depression]. Of a sample of troops evacuated for psychiatric reasons, 21% (106 out of 509) had psychiatric histories prior to deploying to the theater of operations. Most cases were either related to stress (i.e., PTSD, n - 33, 310%) or to depression (n = 72, 66%). Stress disorders and depression predominate among the psychiatric causes for medical evacuation. This review paper discusses stress theories as they pertain to warfighting, the types of stress and stress disorders most prevalent on modern battlefields, the relationships among stress, psychiatric disease, and cognitive performance, and potential methods to decrease some types of stress-related acute and chronic disorders (i.e., virtual-reality stress inoculation training).
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PMID:Stress, mental health, and cognition: a brief review of relationships and countermeasures. 1754 26

Post Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) is reported to be caused by traumatic events that are outside the range of usual human experience including (but not limited to) military combat, violent personal assault, being kidnapped or taken hostage and terrorist attacks. Initial data suggests that at least 1 out of 6 Iraq War veterans are exhibiting symptoms of depression, anxiety and PTSD. Virtual Reality (VR) delivered exposure therapy for PTSD has been used with reports of positive outcomes. The aim of the current paper is to present the rationale and brief description of a Virtual Iraq PTSD VR therapy application and present initial findings from its use with PTSD patients. Thus far, Virtual Iraq consists of a series of customizable virtual scenarios designed to represent relevant Middle Eastern VR contexts for exposure therapy, including a city and desert road convoy environment. User-centered design feedback needed to iteratively evolve the system was gathered from returning Iraq War veterans in the USA and from a system deployed in Iraq and tested by an Army Combat Stress Control Team. Clinical trials are currently underway at Ft. Lewis, Camp Pendleton, Emory University, Weill Cornell Medical College, Walter Reed Army Medical Center, San Diego Naval Medical Center and 12 other sites.
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PMID:Virtual Iraq: initial results from a VR exposure therapy application for combat-related PTSD. 1839 34

For the majority service in the Armed Forces is beneficial and, in the main, military veterans have successful lives. However, a minority have a bleaker outlook as a result of on-going ill health and social exclusion. Whilst the media focuses on Post Traumatic Stress Disorder, in reality the most frequent mental health problems for veterans are alcohol problems, depression and anxiety disorders. These difficulties are difficult to manage as veterans, particularly those who are unwell, demonstrate a reticence to seek help for mental health problems. Another issue is that many veterans are now reserve personnel who have been found to be at greater risk of developing mental health problems than their regular counterparts. Steps to improve the knowledge and expertise of primary care services about veteran's mental health issues and increasing the availability of treatment options are important and are underway.
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PMID:The mental health of veterans. 1904 96


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