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Query: UMLS:C0011570 (depression)
 172,036 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Urinary free-cortisol levels (micrograms per day) were measured by radioimmunoassay at 2-week intervals during the course of hospitalization in the following patient groups: posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD); major depressive disorder; bipolar I, manic; paranoid schizophrenia; and undifferentiated schizophrenia. The mean cortisol level during hospitalization was significantly lower in PTSD (33.3 +/- 3.2) than in major depressive disorder (49.6 +/- 5.9), bipolar I, manic (62.7 +/- 6.7), and undifferentiated schizophrenia (50.1 +/- 8.9), but was similar to that in paranoid schizophrenia (37.5 +/- 3.9). The same differences across groups are evident in the first sample following hospital admission. This finding of low, stable cortisol levels in PTSD patients is especially noteworthy, first because of the overt signs of anxiety and depression, which would usually be expected to accompany cortisol elevations, and second because of the concomitant chronic increase in sympathetic nervous system activity shown in prior psychophysiological studies of PTSD and reflected in marked and sustained urinary catecholamine elevations previously reported in our own PTSD sample. The findings suggest a possible role of defensive organization as a basis for the low, constricted cortisol levels in PTSD and paranoid schizophrenic patients. The data also suggest the possible usefulness of hormonal criteria as an adjunct to the clinical diagnosis of PTSD.
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PMID:Urinary free-cortisol levels in posttraumatic stress disorder patients. 395 May 96

Twenty-five consecutive admissions to an outpatient group therapy program for combat veterans meeting DSM-III criteria for posttraumatic stress disorder were systematically screened using operational diagnostic criteria for other coexisting psychiatric conditions, past or present. Eighty-four percent had coexisting conditions which, with one exception, were not significantly different in prevalence from those of an inpatient sample of combat veterans previously reported by the authors. The exception was a lower frequency of drug dependence in the outpatients compared with the inpatients. The authors conclude that a high proportion of conditions and symptoms--particularly alcoholism, antisocial personality, drug abuse, depression, and anxiety--can be routinely expected to coexist with posttraumatic stress disorder when it is diagnosed in Vietnam combat veterans.
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PMID:Concurrent psychiatric illness in non-Hispanic outpatients diagnosed as having posttraumatic stress disorder. 395 Jun 1

A family history study of 36 patients with chronic posttraumatic stress disorder revealed a positive history of familial psychopathology in 66% of the patients. Alcoholism, depression, and anxiety disorders were the disorders most commonly found. The patients also had a higher prevalence of alcoholic siblings than did a retrospectively derived control group of depressed and anxious male patients. With respect to the proportion of familial anxiety to familial depression, the probands with posttraumatic stress disorder more closely resembled probands with generalized anxiety than probands with depression. Every patient had experienced at least one significant psychiatric illness during his lifetime, most commonly alcohol abuse or depression.
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PMID:A diagnostic and family study of posttraumatic stress disorder. 396 91

A review of the literature has been made on the diagnostic, management and administrative procedures adopted by military psychiatrists during the Vietnam conflict. Initial reports of low rates of psychiatric attrition probably concealed much combat-related psychopathology by labelling these problems as administrative disciplinary infractions. In the later stages of the war, explosive outbreaks of substance, particularly heroin, abuse were noted as well as reports of serious violence directed towards superior officers and Vietnamese civilians. Successful coping styles adopted by the troops against combat stress, culture shock and anomie have also been described as have their stratagems for managing a return to a politically divided community. Studies on returned veterans point to ongoing psychopathology in the areas of post traumatic stress disorder and depression in proportion to the severity of the combat to which they were exposed. Increased rates of violence and alcoholism have yet to be demonstrated. The therapy of veterans with adjustment problems and post-combat psychiatric disorders has also been reviewed.
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PMID:The Vietnam veteran ten years on. 696 Aug 83

The clinical experience of a psychiatrist working in a pain clinic is described. One hundred and seventy two patients were assessed over a 4-year period. The modal age was 45-54 years with a male : female ratio of 7 : 10. The model duration of pain was 1-5 years, the back being the commonest site. Depression was diagnosed in 30% of cases. PErsonality disorder, traumatic neurosis, anxiety, hysteria and drug dependence were the next most common diagnoses. Treatment was instituted in half of the patients seen and half of the treated patients improved or recovered. Drug withdrawal, EMG feedback and brief psychotherapy were associated with more improvement than pharmacotherapy or treatment at a psychiatric unit. The response to antidepressant medication was particularly disappointing and possible reasons for this are discussed.
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PMID:The psychiatrist and the chronic pain patient: 172 anecdotes. 745 87

For many children bereavement services are not available until they develop extreme symptoms of chronic grief, posttraumatic stress disorder or depression, if then. This is especially true in some ethnic/racial communities where language and cultural barriers exist. The author uses a review of the literature and interviews with service providers and religious leaders in the Cambodian community of Long Beach to explore those unique cultural factors that have an impact on healthy childhood grief resolution among Cambodian children. Some suggestions for service provision are offered.
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PMID:Childhood bereavement among Cambodians: cultural considerations. 755 33

This paper examines post-traumatic morbidity in a community sample who had claimed compensation and been assessed 10-14 months after the Lockerbie Disaster. At 36 months 25 residents were reassessed by clinical interview and 35 by questionnaire. A chronic pattern of morbidity was found in 56% of this sample with the most frequent diagnoses being post traumatic stress disorder and depression, followed by other anxiety disorders. Only six cases were found to have "recovered" and there was only one case of delayed onset morbidity between 12 and 36 months. No unequivocal predictors of the presence of diagnosis or questionnaire scores were found.
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PMID:Post-traumatic morbidity in a civilian community of litigants: a follow-up at 3 years. 758 6

The present study investigated smoking prevalence, smoking motives, demographic variables and psychological symptoms in 124 help-seeking, male Vietnam combat veterans with post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). A high percentage of these veterans smoked (60%). Vietnam veterans with PTSD who smoked were more likely than those who did not smoke to report higher levels of PTSD symptoms, depression and trait anxiety. Increased depression was associated with increased automatic smoking. Smokers reported a high frequency of smoking in response to military memories. Implications for smoking interventions, cessation, and relapse prevention efforts are discussed.
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PMID:Smoking in Vietnam combat veterans with post-traumatic stress disorder. 758 10

This study was undertaken to investigate psychiatric comorbidity in male and female adolescents with conduct disorder diagnoses. Twenty-five hospitalized adolescents (11 females, 14 males) with conduct disorder were evaluated using structured diagnostic interviews for Axis I and personality disorders. The most common Axis I comorbid diagnoses were: depressive disorders (major depression and/or dysthymia), 64 percent; anxiety disorders (separation anxiety disorder, overanxious disorder, panic disorder, obsessive-compulsive disorder, phobias, and/or posttraumatic stress disorder), 52 percent; substance abuse, 48 percent; and attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder, 28 percent. Common Axis II disorders included passive-aggressive personality disorder, 56 percent, and borderline personality disorder, 32 percent. When compared with the male subjects, the females had significantly more total Axis I disorders and a trend toward more total personality disorders, anxiety disorders, depression, and borderline personality disorders. These findings support conduct disorder as a complex illness with extensive Axis I and II involvement as well as some gender differences in presentation.
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PMID:Axis I and personality comorbidity in adolescents with conduct disorder. 759 74

1. Twenty-one patients with post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) were included in a study utilizing baseline rapid eye movement (REM) latency measurements, the dexamethasone suppression test (DST), and the protirelin (thyroid releasing hormone; TRH) stimulation test. The DST and TRH stimulation test were repeated after double blind treatment with desipramine. 2. A high number of patients (75%) exhibited a REM latency of 60 min or less and blunted thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) response to TRH (61.9%) on baseline tests while only one patient showed cortisol escape from dexamethasone suppression. 3. After four weeks of desipramine treatment, significant improvements were reported in the Hamilton Rating Scale for depression, but not for anxiety symptoms, PTSD symptoms, or self-rated depressive symptoms. 4. Desipramine treatment did not affect hormonal responses to TRH. 5. The findings of shortened REM latency and altered TRH stimulation test suggest PTSD and depression may share some pathophysiological abnormalities.
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PMID:REM latency, dexamethasone suppression test, and thyroid releasing hormone stimulation test in posttraumatic stress disorder. 762 94


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