Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts:   Target Concepts:
Query: UMLS:C0011570 (depression)
 172,036 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Twenty-five Israeli combat veterans fulfilling DSM-III criteria for posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) participated in an open, prospective trial of phenelzine sulfate administration (median daily dose, 60 mg; range, 30 to 90 mg); three patients withdrew early due to side effects. Treatment was continued for at least four weeks in 22 cases and thereafter for as long as it was felt to be of benefit. Therapeutic efficacy was rated using a new PTSD scale, the Hamilton Depression Scale, and the Hamilton Anxiety Scale administered at four weekly intervals. Six patients completed four to eight weeks of phenelzine treatment; seven patients, nine to 13 weeks; and nine patients, 14 to 18 weeks. Comparison of mean prediscontinuation scores with pretreatment ratings showed, at best, only small (23% to 38%) differences (on the PTSD and Hamilton Anxiety scales) in the group treated for nine to 13 weeks. Two patients with a concurrent diagnosis of panic disorder and two with a concurrent diagnosis of dysthymic disorder were the most improved symptomatically but fell short of clinically significant remission. Although statistically significant improvement was observed on seven of the 12 items of the PTSD scale, sleep disturbance was the only symptom showing a clinically impressive change. These results only partially support previous positive reports of phenelzine treatment of PTSD.
 ...
PMID:Posttraumatic stress disorder in Israeli combat veterans. Effect of phenelzine treatment. 331 69

A sample of 104 Israeli soldiers diagnosed as suffering from combat stress reactions (CSR) ('battle shock') during the 1982 Lebanon War were examined by mental health clinicians a year after the war. The clinicians assessed (a) post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) as defined in the DSM-III (1980), (b) associated psychological symptoms (somatization, anxiety, and depression), and (c) disturbances in post-war functioning. The clinicians collected background information on sociodemographic characteristics, premilitary and military adjustment, combat experiences, and the extent of the CSR episode. The analysis indicated that PTSD could be predicted fairly well by the extent of the CSR episode and specific combat experiences, while the psychological symptoms were predicted mainly by combat experiences, and post-war functioning was predicted mainly by pre-war factors. The implication of combat experiences and soldiers' immediate reactions during combat in the genesis of subsequent PTSD is discussed. The multifaceted nature of war-related psychological sequelae is delineated.
 ...
PMID:A follow-up of Israeli casualties of combat stress reaction ('battle shock') in the 1982 Lebanon War. 339 35

Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a diagnosis that has been the subject of considerable criticism in the clinical literature. Of primary concern has been the question of whether PTSD is a disorder that can be discriminated reliably from already existing diagnoses, such as depression, dysthymia, or generalized anxiety disorder. This paper reviews the evidence that surrounds this controversy and employs the guidelines for validating a diagnosis established by Robins and Guze (1970) as the framework for the review. A second purpose of this paper is to present a multiaxial approach for the assessment of PTSD. This approach includes the use of structured interviews, psychometrics, and a psychophysiological assessment procedure. Studies that support the reliability and validity of the components of the multiaxial method are reviewed.
 ...
PMID:Post-traumatic stress disorder: evidence for diagnostic validity and methods of psychological assessment. 355 40

At age 36, Vietnam veterans in the high school class of 1963 reported significantly more problems related to nightmares, loss of control over behavior, emotional numbing, withdrawal from the external environment, hyperalertness, anxiety, and depression than did their classmates matched with them on 51 high school characteristics. These problems correspond closely to the disorder labeled post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) by the American Psychiatric Association. PTSD was associated with other family, mental health, and social interaction problems. Some environmental variables--e.g., the presence of a spouse or being a churchgoer--were associated with reduced levels of PTSD or with reductions in the degree of association between combat and PTSD. The direction of cause and effect in these associations cannot be ascertained from our data, but it seems plausible to postulate that support factors can and do help some Vietnam veterans with PTSD.
 ...
PMID:Epidemiology of PTSD in a national cohort of Vietnam veterans. 355 41

This study investigated the use of biofeedback and relaxation training on six patients with posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) referred routinely for biofeedback treatment in a VA medical center. Subjects received between 8 and 14 sessions of training overall, as well as concurrent individual and group therapy. Measures used to assess treatment outcome include pre- and posttreatment MMPI, State-Trait Anxiety Inventory, Beck Depression Inventory, and Multidimensional Health Locus of Control scores, as well as electromyographic and subjective measures of tension within each session. Additionally, an overall posttreatment clinical rating of change and 1- to 2-year follow-up data were obtained for each subject. Slight to marked improvements were demonstrated for each subject, as evidenced by improvements on the State Anxiety Inventory Scale and the Beck Depression Inventory, a decrease in overall MMPI scores, and lowered EMG and subjective tension ratings for all participants. Possible alternative explanations for improvement (situational demand characteristics, regression toward the mean, lack of independent subject evaluation) are described, along with other study limitations. This preliminary investigation suggests that the use of relaxation training and biofeedback may be a particularly useful component within a comprehensive treatment program for this disorder.
 ...
PMID:Treatment of posttraumatic stress disorder with relaxation and biofeedback training. 356 32

The author reports findings from recent psychophysiological and biochemical research on Vietnam combat veterans with chronic posttraumatic stress disorder. Applying these data and the analogy of the known functional and structural defects in the peripheral (cranial) sensory system consequent to high-intensity stimulation, he hypothesizes that cortical neuronal and synaptic changes occur in posttraumatic stress disorder as the consequence of excessive and prolonged sensitizing stimulation leading to depression of habituating learning. He postulates that the "constant" symptoms of the disorder are due to the changes in the agonistic neuronal system which impair cortical control of hindbrain structures concerned with aggressive expression and the sleep-dream cycle.
 ...
PMID:A neuropsychological hypothesis explaining posttraumatic stress disorders. 360 49

Of 225 patients referred to a Veterans Administration pain clinic for treatment of chronic pain, 22 (10%) were later diagnosed as having posttraumatic stress disorder. Many of the 22 also had current or past histories of depression, anxiety, or substance abuse.
 ...
PMID:Preliminary findings on chronic pain and posttraumatic stress disorder. 371 33

The following tentative conclusions may be drawn from this pilot study: Depression and anxiety are moderately elevated in pre-discharge burn patients, and drop to normal or low levels with the passage of time. There is a significant incidence of post-traumatic stress disorder among recently burned patients, and the prevalence actually increases with time. This increase may be due to the incidence of the 'delayed' form of the disorder. Personality factors which may predict post-burn psychosocial outcome are neuroticism, trait anxiety and hypochondriasis. Burn severity does not usefully predict psychosocial outcome. The presence of compensation issues is associated with post-burn psychosocial difficulties, particularly in intimate family relationships. However there is no association with depression or anxiety. Pre-burn psychiatric morbidity is associated with poor post-burn psychosocial adjustment.
 ...
PMID:Psychosocial problems among adult burn victims. 382 59

Posttraumatic stress disorder is now well known to occur among Vietnam combat veterans. The interest in this diagnosis may have caused an unintentional neglect of veterans with problems that do not meet the strict criteria of DSM-III for this disorder. The authors studied 300 Vietnam veterans admitted to a general hospital to determine their level of symptomatology and to gather data on this previously unstudied group. More than 75 percent of the sample were medical-surgical patients; about 50 percent had high levels of depression and symptoms of posttraumatic stress disorder, or both. Combat veterans were considerably more symptomatic; more than 50 percent of the patients with the highest levels of combat activity were on nonpsychiatric wards. The authors suggest the need to identify Vietnam veterans on medical and surgical wards. Reluctance to talk about war experiences makes Vietnam veterans a group likely to be overlooked.
 ...
PMID:Vietnam veterans in the general hospital. 388 41

This article has reviewed clinical and demographic features of the primary anxiety disorders and other psychiatric and medical disorders that often are associated with anxiety symptoms, highlighting differential diagnosis. In summary, phobic disorders (exogenous anxiety) are characterized by anxiety reliably elicited by specific environmental stimuli; the stimuli involved determine which type of phobia is diagnosed. In contrast, panic attacks and generalized anxiety (endogenous anxiety) involve symptoms of anxiety not associated only with specific eliciting stimuli. Panic disorder is differentiated from generalized anxiety disorder by the presence of discrete attacks; both disorders usually have some level of persistent anxiety. Obsessive-compulsive disorder is characterized by recurrent unwanted but irresistible thoughts and the ritualized repetitive acts resulting from these obsessions, in the absence of preexisting psychosis or depression. Finally, posttraumatic stress disorder involves various anxiety (and other) symptoms as a direct result of an obvious stressor. Depressive symptoms are frequently associated with anxiety. It is sometimes impossible to determine which is the primary disorder. Overlap of syndromes probably also occurs with other primary psychiatric disorders, especially somatoform disorders, adjustment disorder with anxious mood, and several personality disorders. Finally, primary anxiety can be confused with several medical syndromes, especially when the medical disorder has not been recognized. Nevertheless, research with patients with pheochromocytoma suggests that medical causes of anxiety may be qualitatively different from primary anxiety disorders, especially the psychic anxiety component. Attention to the clinical and demographic features listed in Table 4, as well as the use of newly-developed structured diagnostic interviews should usually lead to a correct diagnosis, as illustrated by the following examples. The onset of a fear of public speaking in mid-adolescence suggests an uncomplicated social phobia, whereas the onset in the mid-twenties of several social and other situational anxieties in a person with a previous history of panic attacks would be strongly suggestive of the panic-agoraphobia syndrome. The new onset of generalized anxiety symptoms and depression in a 45-year-old patient who has had a previous significant depression would suggest that this person's anxiety is part of, and secondary to, the affective disorder and not a primary anxiety disorder.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
 ...
PMID:The differential diagnosis of anxiety. Psychiatric and medical disorders. 388 37


<< Previous 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Next >>