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Query: UMLS:C0011570 (depression)
 172,036 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Tested three groups of children: The first group (n = 231) presented with posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), the second group (n = 32) presented with simple phobia (i.e., test phobia), and the third group (n = 35) was made up of nonclinical controls. The subjects marked the Revised Children's Manifest Anxiety Scale (RCMAS), Children's Depression Inventory (CDI) and their conduct was rated against the Conners Teacher Rating Scale (CTRS) criteria. A MANOVA evinced significant group and gender differences. No significant interaction effects were noted. Univariate F tests and Bonferroni posttests revealed that the PTSD cases evinced markedly higher RCMAS, CDI, and CTRS scores than their phobic and nonphobic peers. Analogously, the RCMAS and CDI scores of the phobia cases were appreciably greater than the control groups. On the other hand, the CTRS scores of the test phobia and control groups were not significantly different.
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PMID:The validity of the DSM-III posttraumatic stress disorder classification as applied to children. 270 63

The results of a diagnostic outcome study of children and adolescents with severe burns are presented. The positive research findings include evidence of present and lifetime full and partial anxiety and depressive disorders and statistically significant within-sample, burn-related, and demographic differences. The negative findings are less depression and post-traumatic stress disorder by DSM-III criteria than expected, the presence of a subgroup of severely burned children who appeared to be functioning well with only a few or no diagnoses, and absence of significant differences on many variables on within-group comparisons. Based on these data, periodic psychiatric evaluation or reevaluation and specifically targeted followup treatment are indicated for many burned children, adolescents, and their families.
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PMID:A diagnostic outcome study of children and adolescents with severe burns. 270 54

The DSM-III criteria for posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) were operationally defined for use in a structured interview. Acceptable interrater and test-retest reliabilities were shown; diagnostic validity was demonstrated relative to a standard diagnostic interview procedure; construct validity was shown in relation to a PTSD self-rating scale and to degree of combat exposure; the structured interview score correlated significantly with observer symptom scales for depression and anxiety.
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PMID:Validity and reliability of the DSM-III criteria for posttraumatic stress disorder. Experience with a structured interview. 272 21

International migration has been associated with increased levels of psychological disturbance, particularly among refugees who have fled from war or political unrest. This study examined self-reported symptoms of depression, anxiety, somatization, generalized distress, and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in a community sample of 258 immigrants from Central America and Mexico and 329 native-born Mexican Americans and Anglo Americans. Immigrants were found to have higher levels of generalized distress than native-born Americans. Fifty-two percent of Central American immigrants who migrated as a result of war or political unrest reported symptoms consistent with a diagnosis of PTSD, compared with 49 percent of Central Americans who migrated for other reasons and 25 percent of Mexican immigrants. The authors call for more research to document the psychosocial aspects of migration.
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PMID:Posttraumatic stress in immigrants from Central America and Mexico. 273 29

South East Asian refugees refuse mental health services until behavior is quite extreme. This reflects their attitude to mental illness. Refugees suffer from depression and posttraumatic stress disorder especially when separated from their families and their ethnic group. Two case examples are given.
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PMID:Psychiatric symptoms in refugee families from South East Asia: therapeutic challenges. 275 Oct 7

One hundred and eight veterans with posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) were compared with 60 age-matched controls with regard to family history of psychiatric illness. Depressed controls had a higher morbidity risk (MR) for depression and generalized anxiety in siblings/parents and children, respectively. Patients with PTSD did not differ from alcoholics or nonpsychiatric controls on the basis of family history. PTSD was associated with greater familial anxiety when compared with controls who had experienced combat. When World War II and Vietnam veterans with PTSD were compared, a higher MR for alcohol and drug abuse was found in siblings/parents of Vietnam veterans, and a higher MR was found for other chronic psychiatric disorders in the children of Vietnam veterans.
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PMID:Familial psychiatric illness in chronic posttraumatic stress disorder. 275 6

A correlational study that included 82 male inpatient alcoholics was conducted to determine the clinical meaning of the Keane PTSD Scale of the MMPI. The PTSD Scale was correlated with the variables of the Shipley Institute of Living Scale, the Life Purpose Questionnaire, the Existential Depression Test, and the standard MMPI measures, plus the A, R, Es and MacAndrew Scales. The pattern of correlations suggested that the PTSD scale measures general psychological maladjustment and dysphoric feelings rather than any specifiable syndrome. The strong correlation with the Welch A, which measures a general level of maladjustment, suggests that the PTSD and Welch A scales are measuring the same factor. The PTSD scale, therefore, appears to provide very little information about this population beyond that available from the overall clinical profile and the Welch A scale.
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PMID:Clinical meaning of the Keane PTSD Scale. 276 92

Some symptoms of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) are related to central nervous system adrenergic hyperarousal. It has been suggested that an adrenergic receptor-blocker could be used to diminish, if not alleviate, the target symptoms of PTSD. Severely traumatized Cambodian refugee patients (N = 68) who suffered from chronic PTSD and major depression improved symptomatically when treated with a combination of clonidine and imipramine. A prospective pilot study of nine patients using this combination of an alpha-2 adrenergic agonist and a tricyclic antidepressant resulted in improved symptoms of depression in six patients, five to the point that DSM-III-R diagnoses were no longer met. The average decrease in the Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression score was 16. PTSD global symptoms improved in six patients but only in two to the point that DSM-III-R diagnoses were not met. There was no further sleep disorder in five and the frequency of nightmares lessened in seven patients. Startle reaction improved only in four patients; avoidance behavior showed little improvement in any of the nine. The imipramine-clonidine combination was well tolerated and presents a promising treatment for severely depressed and traumatized patients, although further studies are needed.
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PMID:Clonidine in Cambodian patients with posttraumatic stress disorder. 202 59

To assess systematically the pattern of psychologic distress in chemically exposed workers complaining of personality changes, we administered the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory to 22 men with a history of exposure to mixtures of organic solvents. Results indicated clinically significant profile elevations in more than 90% of the exposed workers. Moreover, a consistent response profile was noted, indicating a high rate of somatic disturbances, anxiety, depression, social isolation, and fear of losing control. In addition, those workers with the longest exposure duration had the highest elevations on the scale measuring disturbances of thinking, social alienation, poor concentration, and anxiety. Comparisons between these subjects and a group of former prisoners of war with posttraumatic stress disorder revealed strikingly similar clinical profiles. We present a case history that illustrates the nature of this psychologic disturbance.
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PMID:A distinct pattern of personality disturbance following exposure to mixtures of organic solvents. 279 50

The present study examined the relationship between depression and various dimensions of anger using multiple measures of anger and hostility and comparing depressed subjects with both a normal sample and a clinical sample with predominant anger difficulties. Three groups of subjects were obtained: a normal sample of 120 parents of elementary school children, 36 psychiatric inpatients meeting Research Diagnostic Criteria for major depressive episode, and 54 hospitalized veterans meeting Diagnostic Interview Schedule criteria for posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). The three groups differed significantly on all measures of anger experience, hostility, anger suppression, and anger expression. The depressed group reported greater levels of hostility and anger experience than the normal group but less than the PTSD group. On measures of anger suppression and expression, the depressed group exhibited more suppression than either the normal or the PTSD group and generally reported levels of anger expression comparable with the normal group's. The PTSD group reported the highest levels of anger expression. Within the depressed group, severity of depression was positively associated with levels of hostility and anger experience but was not related to measures of anger expression and was only partially related to anger suppression. These results are discussed as they relate to the "anger turned in" hypothesis of psychodynamic theories of depression, and directions for future research are noted.
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PMID:Anger and hostility in depression. 280 77


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