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Query: UMLS:C0011570 (depression)
 172,036 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The authors report on 404 Southeast Asian refugees seen at a community clinic. Approximately three-quarters of these patients met DSM-III criteria for major depressive episode, and 14% had posttraumatic stress disorder. Complaints of pain and sleep disturbances were the predominant presenting symptoms. Most of the men were married, but more than 40% of the women were widowed. Between 15% and 30% of the patients reported specific traumatic experiences either in their homeland or during their escape. Widowhood and such traumatic experiences were positively correlated with more symptoms of depression and anxiety.
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PMID:Depression and posttraumatic stress disorder in Southeast Asian refugees. 258 53

This study assessed the clinical picture of two groups of Israeli veterans of the Lebanon war: (a) veterans who sustained a combat stress reaction (CSR) (N = 213), and (b) matched controls not so diagnosed (N = 116). Subjects were screened at three points--one, two, and three years after their participation in the war. The results indicated that Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) was correlated with a wider range of general psychiatric symptomatology, as measured by the SCL-90. Moreover, among PTSD veterans, those who suffered from an antecedent CSR reported wider and more severe symptomatology. This trend was observed at all three time points. The most salient symptoms were obsessive-compulsive tendencies and anxiety, followed by depression and hostility.
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PMID:Characteristic psychiatric symptomatology of post-traumatic stress disorder in veterans: a three year follow-up. 259 88

During the summer of 1984, 14 seamen, the entire crew of a Norwegian ship, were seized upon arrival in Libya. They were kept under arrest for 67 days and subjected to psychological and physical torture because they were suspected of being enemies of the Libyan state. Within the first few days of imprisonment one seaman had been murdered, another had been abducted and was believed to be dead, and a third had been severely physically maltreated. The immediate reactions to the extreme stress were fear, depression and rage. Not a single seaman gave in to the torture. Shortly after their release, all the seamen underwent thorough medical examinations. Six of them suffered from clear-cut post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and one more seaman developed the disorder two months later. In spite of comprehensive treatment, the same seven sailors, or 54% of the crew, still suffered from post-traumatic stress disorder six months after their release. Used in conjunction with clinical interview, general mental status rating scales (GHQ 20, STAI, State Anxiety Inventory), and specific post-traumatic rating scales (Amnesty Score, IES intrusion subscale, PTSS-10) had a high sensitivity and specificity in discriminating between cases and non-cases.
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PMID:Torture of a Norwegian ship's crew. The torture, stress reactions and psychiatric after-effects. 262 36

Controlled studies examining the relationship between psychiatric disorders and war and other traumatic events are reviewed. Several studies have found a correlation between the severity of posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms and the degree of trauma. Other disorders associated with trauma include depression, substance abuse disorders, adjustment disorders, psychosomatic disorders, and antisocial behavior. No relationship has been found between trauma and subsequent violent behavior. The authors identify areas for further research, including examination of why the majority of persons exposed to trauma do not develop psychiatric illness.
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PMID:Psychiatric responses to trauma. 264 53

Three decades of psychiatric practice with tricyclic, tetracyclic, and heterocyclic antidepressants have shown that these drugs are effective not only for major depression, endogenous depression in particular, but also for a range of other disorders. Tricyclic and other antidepressants are now used to treat enuresis and attention-deficit disorders in children, bulimia and anorexia nervosa, panic disorder, posttraumatic stress disorder, obsessive-compulsive disorder, chronic pain, migraine, and peptic ulcer disease. As with some of the antidepressants, the body of literature on the relationship between clinical response in these diseases and plasma or serum levels of the drugs is not complete or well understood, but for some of these disorders, sufficient preliminary serum level data are available to take advantage of therapeutic drug monitoring as an adjunct to treatment. Therapeutic monitoring can be particularly important where studies indicate that successful therapy occurs at blood levels substantially different from those used to treat depression. This paper presents a brief overview of antidepressant treatment of these disorders, focusing on the available pharmacologic data related to serum level measurements and their relation to clinical response.
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PMID:Antidepressant drugs: additional clinical uses. 264 93

Eighteen male U.S. veterans meeting DSM-III criteria for posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) completed a 4-week double-blind, crossover study comparing administration of 200 mg/day of desipramine with placebo. Response was measured by using the Beck Depression Inventory, the Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression, the Hamilton Rating Scale for Anxiety, and the Impact of Event Scale. Overall, the only apparent response to desipramine was in some symptoms of depression; there were no changes in anxiety and other PTSD symptoms.
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PMID:A controlled trial of desipramine in 18 men with posttraumatic stress disorder. 268 79

Historical approaches of psychotherapy for depression are contrasted with current psychotherapeutic strategies. Now more strategies are focused, structured, time-limited, observable, testable, researchable and data based. The following depressive syndromes are reviewed in terms of the literature that demonstrates the effectiveness of psychotherapy: major depressive disorder, bipolar depressive disorder, depression associated with medical illness such as cancer, myocardial infarction and stroke, resistant depression post-traumatic stress disorder, grief reactions and depression during adolescence, mid-life and the geriatric period of the life cycle. A conceptual model favoring tripartite focus of intervention is recommended. Psychodynamic psychotherapy for depression must consider intrapsychic, interpersonal and family dynamics as well as social supports. A model for each population needs to be studied and developed further. Recommendations for current research are suggested. In the individual modification of psychotherapeutic approaches we must consider the varying maturity of ego defenses and the ego strength of the individual patient. Forty well-designed studies that demonstrate the effectiveness of psychotherapy in the depressive syndromes are quoted in this paper.
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PMID:Psychodynamic psychotherapy for the depressive syndrome. 266 95

In this article two conceptual frameworks for understanding the effects of childhood sexual exploitation are presented: the traumagenic dynamics model and the model of information processing. Various research studies of the long-term effects of this problem are reviewed and summarized. Results of these studies show that survivors of childhood sexual exploitation experience a variety of long-term effects, including low self-esteem, posttraumatic stress disorder, depression, suicidal attempts, and drug and alcohol abuse. Implications for nursing practice and research are suggested.
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PMID:Long-term effects of childhood sexual exploitation. 267 6

Through refinements from research and judicious combination with other therapies, behavior therapy has become increasingly relevant in the treatment of psychiatric disorders. After outlining the four models that serve as a framework for behavior therapy (classical conditioning, operant conditioning, social learning theory, and cognitive behavior modification), the authors provide an update for clinicians on developments in the behavioral treatment of anxiety disorders, sexual disorders, depression, and schizophrenia. Most advances have been made in the treatment of anxiety disorders, including definition of variables for successful use of exposure to phobic stimuli in the treatment of phobic disorders and the use of flooding for post-traumatic stress disorder. By becoming better acquainted with cognitive and behavioral therapies, clinicians may be able to offer their patients more effective treatment options.
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PMID:Behavior therapy: a clinical update. 268 Aug 82

Sexual abuse has both short-term and long-term clinical repercussions, including eating disorders, substance abuse, sleep disturbances and psychiatric symptoms, e.g depression, anxiety, phobias and PTSD. This paper will describe short- and long-term responses, including PTSD, and it will consider treatment implications, emphasizing specific aspects of the approach to the sexual abuse victim.
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PMID:Consequences of rape: clinical and treatment aspects. 270 89


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