Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0011570 (depression)
 172,036 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

TRH and naloxone influence on the clinical hormonal manifestations of the alcohol withdrawal syndrome (AWS) was studied. The results obtained were suggestive of the association of the pathogenesis of symptoms like frustration, skin hyperemia, tachycardia, and raised BP with function of the peptidergic system. It should be noted that symptoms like depression, sleep disturbances and headaches happened to be more sensitive to TRH while sweating is more sensitive to naloxone. A positive therapeutic effect of naloxone in the early period of AWS was likely to result from lowered function of the opiate system. The data obtained led to a preliminary conclusion of a close interrelationship and involvement of the hormonal, peptidergic and opiate systems in AWS pathogenesis, this being an important factor for the understanding of alcohol-induced abnormalities and for the choice of pathogenetically founded therapeutic methods.
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PMID:[Participation of the peptidergic and endogenous opiate systems in the pathogenesis of early manifestations of the alcohol abstinence syndrome]. 283 19

Many centrally acting drugs which are prescribed for hypertension, depression, epilepsy, insomnia and asthma may also affect fetal brain neurotransmission and behavioral states. Nearly all these drugs enter the fetal circulation following maternal administration. The immaturity of the blood-brain barrier and greater accumulation in the developing brain make the fetal brain a major target of its mother's medication. Adverse effects that are seen in the fetus are not necessarily evident in its mother. We have shown that drugs like clonidine (an antihypertensive) and clomipramine (an antidepressant), which act on noradrenaline and serotonin neurotransmission in the brain, suppress rapid eye movement sleep in the developing rat. In adulthood, the neonatally treated rats showed hyperactivity, hyperanxiety, reduced sexual behavior, disturbed sleep patterns and reduced cerebral cortical size. Furthermore, such treatment induced an increase in voluntary alcohol consumption and a decreased adaptability of responses to changes in water deprivation in a Y-maze. Little is known about long-lasting consequences of centrally acting drugs used during late gestation in humans. Minor neurological disturbances, such as delayed visual motor performance, smaller head circumference, increased anxiety and disturbed sleep-wake patterns, have been reported in children born to hypertensive mothers treated with clonidine or alpha-methyl-dopa.
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PMID:Neurochemical and electrophysiological disturbances mediate developmental behavioral alterations produced by medicines. 287 4

The hypothesis that the dexamethasone suppression test (DST) and rapid-eye-movement (REM) latency test are not biological markers for depressive illness but artifacts arising from dietary and sleep disturbances that accompany depression was examined in 28 normal volunteers. The restriction of calorie intake with moderate weight loss reproduced a pattern of response to dexamethasone closely resembling that claimed to be diagnostic of depressive illness. The shortened REM latencies claimed as a diagnostic marker were replicated in volunteers by mimicking the sleep pattern commonly found in depression. These changes could not be explained by the induction of mood disorder in the subjects. The results put in question the diagnostic value of the DST and REM latency tests in clinical practice, where sleep disorder and poor appetite, with reduced calorie intake, are the common accompaniments of depressive illness.
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PMID:Influence of sleep disruption and calorie restriction on biological markers for depression. 287 21

Depressive mood is frequently associated with Parkinson's syndrome, but it may also occur as a precursor of this disease. As regards the subtypes of Parkinson's disease, the frequency of depressive states is significantly higher in the type dominated by akinesia and rigidity than in the type dominated by tremor. On the basis of biochemical changes, certain aspects of the depression can be successfully treated by substitution therapy: L-dopa medication may increase the reduced dopamine values in the striatum, thereby improving drive. Substitution with L-tryptophan raises the lowered serotonin values in the reticular formation, which may influence sleep disturbances. The changes of basic mood, however, which are characteristic of depression, such as cheerlessness and apathy, are the dopamine of antidepressive medication; only these drugs can re-establish the biochemical balance to a large extent.
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PMID:[Depression and Parkinson syndrome]. 287 39

The rate of "silent abuse" is probably underestimated by the current esteem of 1:200 in the general population. Because of the criterion of "silent inconspicuousness" most of the patients concerned elude statistical records. So much the more, however, they need medical attention. It is a highly urgent problem, involving individual as well as social medicine, and carrying the risk of massive damage to health, shortening of life expectancy and loss of ability to enjoy creativity and pleasure. The presenting symptoms are mainly headache, sleep disturbances and vegetative manifestations. The (over-)medication in use consists mainly of analgesics, tranquillizers and narcotics. The etiological background is made up (usually in close interdependency) of depression, external circumstances and neurotic development as well as a distinct type of personality (to be understood as the result of interaction between genetic and psychodynamic factors). Especially, there appears a personality structure according to the present ideal picture of achievement and order. Therefore, even from the medical point of view, hardly ever to be regarded as deviant or in need of therapy. In some cases out of this constellation arises a further enhancement of the mechanisms of abuse. Among rational objective measures we can propose: Increased information of the public and further special education of medical people, especially referring to rational therapy of depression and pain without the use of analgesics, furthermore, rational psychotherapeutic guidance; attempts at more specified and follow-up care of disaccustomed abusers; intensified public relation work in cooperation between medical doctors and politicians.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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PMID:[Silent abuse]. 287 88

The authors have evaluated the psychotropic drug use patterns and psychological distress (with the Symptom Distress Checklist, SCL-90) amongst 331 elderly medical inpatients. Forty-two percent of the sample took psychotropic drugs during their hospitalization period. The drugs most commonly used were anxiolytics and hypnotics of the benzodiazepine class. Subjects to whom psychotropic drugs were prescribed reported higher psychological distress compared to those not receiving them; however, a score of moderate distress in the depression and sleep disturbances subscales was reported by a relatively high percentage of subjects not receiving psychotropics. Patients taking antidepressants reported scores of psychological suffering higher than those under benzodiazepine treatment: such a difference not only related to the depression subscale, but to the majority of the symptom areas investigated by the SCL-90.
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PMID:Use of psychotropic drugs in general medical geriatric inpatients. Relationship with various parameters of psychological distress (evaluated 'in blind'). 288 51

Neurotransmitters are present at very early stages of brain development. They may have trophic effects on maturation of target neurons and mediate the behavioral repertoire of the immature brain. Many centrally acting drugs which are used during pregnancy and early childhood for the treatment of e.g. hypertension, depression, epilepsy, sleep disorders, or hyperkinetism influence brain neurotransmitters and behavioral states. Disturbances observed later in life in animal and man, due to perinatal interference of such drugs with brain neurotransmitters and behavioral states, are not gross physical malformations but rather subtle behavioral and neurological symptoms such as hyperactivity, emotional lability, perceptual motor disturbances, attentional distractibility and sleep disturbances.
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PMID:Influence of drugs on brain neurotransmitters and behavioral states during development. 288 12

During phase-II studies monitored by Hoechst AG (Germany) and Daiichi (Japan) and phase-III/IV studies of Hoechst AG 577 adverse drug reactions were recorded among 13,717 patients treated with ofloxacin. Treatment was stopped in about 40% of the patients with adverse drug reactions. Most of the adverse reactions concerned the gastrointestinal tract. 124 adverse reactions concerned the central nervous system, mostly headache and sleep disturbances (n = 84). For the rare occurrences of other symptoms of the central nervous system, such as hallucinations (n = 1), nightmares (n = 1), confusion (n = 1), and depression (n = 2) the data are inadequate to appraise the relative importance of possible contributing factors.
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PMID:Safety of ofloxacin--adverse drug reactions reported during phase-II studies in Europe and in Japan. 295 61

The sedative or excitatory effects of drugs are difficult to evaluate in patients with depression, where sleep disturbances and tiredness in the daytime belong to the clinical manifestations of the psychiatric disorder. A refined method of vigilance measurement, based on the EEG spectra, together with proper statistical analysis of the data, is helpful for correct interpretation of the data. In two groups of patients with depression, the intensity of sleep disturbances was considered as a background variable in partial correlations, reflecting the relationships between vigilance and drug concentration in a more specific way. It was shown that the sedative effect of maprotiline interferes with the increased vigilance in the patients, with improved night sleep after treatment. As a result, the patients do not experience decreased vigilance although maprotiline has a sedative action. The results obtained in the patients treated with beta-blockers suggest that the drug itself has no sedative effect but the patients suffer from decreased vigilance in the daytime, caused by the sleep disturbances and depression.
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PMID:EEG assessment of the sedative and excitatory properties of CNS-active compounds in the patients with depression. 295 8

Of 22 patients investigated for sleep disorders, habitual snoring and/or daytime hypersomnolence, 12(10 men) had obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSAS). 3 OSAS were mild, 5 moderate and 4 severe. The leading symptoms were daytime hypersomnolence and habitual snoring. As risk factors we found retro-micrognathia in 2 patients, macroglossia secondary to acromegaly in 1, alcohol abuse in 7 and obesity in 6. Conservative measures improved the disorder subjectively in 6 patients. One patient had a relapse 6 months after uvulopalatopharyngoplasty. 4 patients were successfully treated by nasal CPAP. Other diagnoses were idiopathic alveolar hypoventilation (2), Cheyne-Stokes breathing secondary to low cardiac output (1), monosymptomatic narcolepsy (2), sleep disturbances secondary to depression (2), chronic benzodiazepine abuse (1) and chronic bronchitis without nocturnal hypoxemia (1). History, clinical observation and oxymetry make diagnosis possible in most cases of OSAS severe enough to require treatment. Polysomnography is time-consuming and should be reserved for selected cases.
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PMID:[Sleep-apnea syndrome. Elucidation, therapy and course]. 305 35


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