Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0011570 (depression)
 172,036 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Peak pain symptoms and experiences were explored within a group of 243 intractable pain patients seen consecutively at a pain clinic. Using a 5-point scale, patients rated the frequency with which 99 symptom adjectives occurred when their pain was at its worst. Key cluster analysis identified 11 reliable, conceptually clear symptom clusters: Four affective symptom categories, Angry Depression, Diminished Drive, Intropunitive Depression and Anxiety, describing emotional states concomitant with peak pain; two somatic symptom categories, Ecto-Pain and Endo-Pain, describing surface and deep bodily pain, respectively; and five additional symptom categories including Cognitive Dysfunction, Sleep Disturbance, Fatigue, Withdrawal and Disequilibrium. Among the affective symptom clusters, symptoms of Angry Depression were reported to occur frequently by 32% of the patients while only 11% reported the frequent occurrence of Intropunitive Depression. For the somatic symptom clusters, 25 and 52% reported the frequent occurrence of Ecto-Pain and Endo-Pain, respectively. Pain reports measured by Ecto-Pain and Endo-Pain were nearly independent of all other symptom categories. The results suggest that the experiential context of pain differs widely among intractable pain patients. The study derived a Pain Symptom Checklist to measure each symptom cluster as one way to identify coping styles among chronic pain patients.
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PMID:Multidimensional analysis of peak pain symptoms and experiences. 262 24

PFS is a painful rheumatologic disorder that may be detected by the wary clinician attuned to the presence of seven or more tender points. This common disorder may be seen at any age, including childhood, and may be associated with secondary symptoms of depression and other affective disorders. It may also be associated with findings of disturbed sleep, hearing and vestibular abnormalities, and profound complaints of fatigue. The vagueness of this latter complaint means that PFS must be distinguished from the newly described CEBV syndrome. Although the etiology of PFS remains unknown, recent investigations suggest that these patients may suffer a disorder with a central nervous system component as well as a subtle peripheral tissue lesion. Newer PFS studies demonstrate tissue changes that may be consistent with altered microvascular permeability and blood flow, tissue hypoxia, and chronic muscle spasm. An immunologic abnormality, or even a previously undescribed connective tissue disease, may be important as a pathogenic factor in some PFS patients.
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PMID:New concepts in primary fibrositis syndrome. 265 50

Brofaromine (CGP 11 305 A), a new reversible and selective MAO-A inhibitor, was studied in two multicentre, (Trial A and Trial B) double-blind, dose-finding trials in a total of 124 depressed in-patients. Doses of 25, 50 and 75 mg bid were compared, to determine which was the most effective. The duration of the trials was four weeks. The comparative drugs were nomifensine (100 mg/day) and tranylcypromine (20 mg/day). The majority of patients in the Trial A was classified as "endogenous" depression. Diagnosis of depression was based on DSM-III or ICD-9 criteria. Conversely, most of the patients in Trial B were "non-endogenous" depressives. In "endogenous" depression, a statistically significant linear dose-response relationship was found in all the efficacy variables assessed. The most effective dose was 150 mg/day. This dose gave a mean drop of 25.3 +/- 11.9 (S.D.) points in the total Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (HAMD) scores and provided successful treatment in 83% of the patients treated, success being defined as a drop of at least 50% in the initial HAMD score at the end of the trial period. In "non-endogenous" depression, no statistical difference was found between the four treatment groups in any of the efficacy variables assessed. Response rate in all brofaromine groups averaged 59% (tranylcypromine group 60%). Tolerability was good in 90% or more of the brofaromine patients in both trials, regardless of the dose administered. The side effects reported most frequently were sleep disturbances, nausea, and headaches.
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PMID:Therapeutic and side-effect profile of a selective and reversible MAO-A inhibitor, brofaromine. Results of dose-finding trials in depressed patients. 267 40

Alcoholic male inpatients (N = 76) served as subjects in this study which examined the effect of L-tryptophan on depressive state and sleep disturbance. All subjects were residents of a 6-week alcohol treatment program at a Veterans Administration Medical Center. Subjects' degree of depression (Zung's Depression Scale) and sleep satisfaction (Webb's Post-Sleep Inventory) were measured four times during the study, just prior to and following ingestion of a substance that was either 3 gms L-tryptophan or 3 gms of an identical-appearing placebo. Subjects in the L-tryptophan/placebo condition received the active substance for 4 days followed by the placebo with a 4-day washout period in between. A second group of subjects received the same regimen of reverse order and a third received placebos on both occasions. There were two additional control groups that received no substances. All subjects in the study reported decreased levels of depression due to nonspecific treatment effects. The subjects who took L-tryptophan in either sequence reported even lower levels of depression. Sleep disturbance was not affected by L-tryptophan since it was barely present when the study began. A phenomenon referred to as the interval effect is discussed and an alternative explanation for this effect is offered.
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PMID:The efficacy of L-tryptophan in the reduction of sleep disturbance and depressive state in alcoholic patients. 268 71

Moclobemide, a benzamidederivate, is a reversible, selective MAOI with a predominant effect upon MAO-A. In clinical trials with moclobemide so far no clearcut tyramine interaction leading to a hypertensive crisis has been reported and no case of hepatotoxicity has been observed. Open and double-blind studies have shown moclobemide to be an activating antidepressant whose efficacy is superior to placebo and comparable to standard tricyclics. The global tolerance has been shown to be better than in tricyclics, frequency of (anticholinergic) side effects has been lower compared to tricyclics. Our data confirmed the antidepressant efficacy of moclobemide with a rapid onset of action and activating properties devoid of clinically relevant tyramine interactions. As side-effects restlessness, paraesthesias, nausea and sleep disturbances were noted; sleep disturbances could not be improved in most cases. In the light of existing clinical data moclobemide may become an exponent of the "renaissance" of MAOI in the treatment of retarded depression.
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PMID:[Moclobemide in the treatment of depression--an overview]. 268 55

The presence of mixed symptoms of anxiety and depression are well known to every clinician. Panic, generalised anxiety and obsessive-compulsive disorder all have considerable overlap with major depressive illness. Factor analysis of anxiety and depression symptoms has sought to predict response to treatment as well as to establish a diagnosis. Sleep disturbances are important concomitants of both syndromes. The analysis of the architecture and phasing of sleep stages has been proposed as a biological marker to separate anxiety and depression. The modification of REM and delta sleep has been correlated with antidepressant action. The earliest studies of trimipramine noted antidepressant, anxiolytic and hypnotic effects. Further observations have shown this drug to have atypical effects on REM sleep. In addition, despite its structural similarity to other tricyclic antidepressants, its pharmacological profile in animals is very different: there is no synaptosomal reuptake of serotonin or noradrenaline, and no desensitisation of beta-adrenoceptors after long term administration. A series of studies was carried out on 99 patients. Admission criteria for the studies specified a minimum score of 20 on the Anxiety Status Inventory as well as the presence of moderate depression. An uncontrolled trial demonstrated the anxiolytic efficacy of trimipramine. Further controlled trials showed superior anxiolytic efficacy of trimipramine to amitriptyline and doxepin with comparable anxiolytic efficacy of trimipramine with maprotiline. All agents had equal antidepressant effects.
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PMID:Trimipramine, anxiety, depression and sleep. 269 52

Sexual abuse has both short-term and long-term clinical repercussions, including eating disorders, substance abuse, sleep disturbances and psychiatric symptoms, e.g depression, anxiety, phobias and PTSD. This paper will describe short- and long-term responses, including PTSD, and it will consider treatment implications, emphasizing specific aspects of the approach to the sexual abuse victim.
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PMID:Consequences of rape: clinical and treatment aspects. 270 89

The study was carried out to evaluate whether shiftworkers showing different long-term tolerance to shiftwork differ in their circadian adjustments and/or in some behavioural characteristics. Three groups of eight workers, engaged on three shifts in a graphic plant and matched for age and work experience, were selected according to the presence or not of complaints related to shiftwork: (1) no complaints; (2) nervous complaints (anxiety/depression, severe sleep disturbances); (3) digestive disorders (gastroduodenitis, peptic ulcer). They answered questionnaires on family conditions, health status, rigidity of sleeping habits, ability to overcome drowsiness, morningness, manifest anxiety. They also recorded several physiological parameters (oral temperature, grip strength, peak expiratory flow rate, pulse rate, sleep hours) during day and night-shifts. The data obtained indicate that the characteristics of flexibility of sleeping habits, ability to overcome drowsiness, and lower manifest anxiety, are associated with better tolerance to shiftwork. These characteristics do not seem to influence the adjustment of the circadian rhythm of oral temperature passing from day to night-shifts and vice versa. Conversely, morningness appeared to be unrelated to long-term tolerance, but did influence circadian adjustments and sleep behaviour. Among the groups, the subjects with digestive disorders showed a greater phase shift and a reduction of the amplitude on night-work, suggesting a possible relationship also between the short-term circadian adjustment and the long-term tolerance to shiftwork, as pointed out by other authors.
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PMID:Circadian characteristics influencing interindividual differences in tolerance and adjustment to shiftwork. 275 14

Bright white light (500lx) for 4 h/day was applied to seven narcoleptic patients (age 47-65 years, mean 55 years). The effects of the light on the disturbed sleep-wake cycle in narcoleptics were investigated by the measurement of the following parameters: (1) excessive daytime sleepiness and sustained attention (multiple sleep latency test); (2) rest-activity cycles; (3) self-ratings (mood, anxiety, tiredness); (4) urinary cycles of 6-OH melatonin sulphate and cortisol; (5) sleep EEG. Treatment with bright light showed neither objective nor subjective changes in the clinical symptoms of narcolepsy. While similar "dosage" light applications can phase shift human circadian rhythms and improve depression and hypersomnia in winter depression, it is not an appropriate treatment for narcolepsy.
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PMID:Bright white light does not improve narcoleptic symptoms. 275 54

The relationship between psychopathology and brain alterations, measured by computed tomography (CT), was investigated in 44 depressed patients. Comparisons of ventricle-brain ratio (VBR) between "endogenous" vs. "nonendogenous" subgroups, classified by six distinct diagnostic systems, revealed no significant differences. The VBR and the width of the third ventricle correlated significantly with scores on the Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale, the Global Assessment Scale, the Bech-Rafaelsen Melancholia Scale, the Rating for Emotional Blunting, and the Scale for the Assessment of Negative Symptoms, but not with scores on the Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression and the Hamilton Rating Scale for Anxiety. Item analyses of the Bech-Rafaelsen Melancholia Scale revealed that retardation-related items were most significantly correlated with ventricular size. The wider diameter of the third ventricle in psychotic patients was associated with higher scores on retardation in the psychotic subgroup, whereas the greater distances of both Sylvian fissures showed no relationship to psychomotor retardation. No significant correlations were found between CT values and anxiety, suicidal impulses, somatic complaints, and sleep disturbances.
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PMID:Computed tomography in depression: association between ventricular size and psychopathology. 279 1


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