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 172,036 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Our study investigated the convergent and discriminant validity of five of Chapman's Schizotypia Scales (i.e., Physical Anhedonia, Revised Social Anhedonia, Perceptual Aberration, Magical Ideation, and Impulsive Nonconformity; L.J. Chapman, J.P. Chapman, & Raulin 1976, 1978; Eckblad & L.J. Chapman, 1983) and Meehl's Schizoidia Scale (Meehl, 1964) within a sample of 50 personality disordered subjects, many of whom possessed schizotypic traits. It was hypothesized in part that all five of the Chapman scales and the Schizoidia Scale would correlate with the schizotypal personality disorder; the Physical Anhedonia and Revised Social Anhedonia Scales would correlate with the schizoid personality disorder, whereas the Magical Ideation and Perceptual Aberration Scales would not; the Physical and Revised Social Anhedonia Scales would not correlate with the avoidant personality disorder; and the Impulsive Nonconformity Scale would correlate with the borderline and antisocial personality disorders. Only the hypotheses concerning the avoidant personality disorder and the Schizoidia Scale were not supported. The findings remained even when the effects of state anxiety and state depression were controlled. Implications of the findings with respect to the validity of the Chapman and Schizoidia Scales and the personality disorders are discussed.
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PMID:The convergent and discriminant validity of the Chapman Scales. 837 97

The aim of this paper is to study the recognition of facial expression of emotions in depressed patients with major depressive disorder (MD) and schizotypal personality disorder (STP). The pictures of sad, emotionally neutral, and happy faces followed by a masking stimulus were displayed for 80 msec on a computer screen randomly in the left or right hemifield of vision (LHF and RHF). The subjects had to respond by pressing a three position key. Multiple analysis of variance revealed that all depressed patients, relative to control subjects, made more errors in a task of recognition of facial affect. The characteristics of impairment of performance were found to be related to the nosology of depression. MD patients revealed significantly impaired recognition of negative (in LHF and in RHF) and positive (in LHF) facial emotions, as well as poorer recognition in the right hemisphere, and reduced hemispheric asymmetry. In remission, they showed statistically significant recovery of recognition function. STP patients were less impaired and showed slightly poorer recognition of sad (in RHF) and happy (in LHF) expressions. This group demonstrated significantly poor recognition of happy expressions, and more marked dysfunction of the left hemisphere. In remission, STP patients failed to improve in recognition of emotion. This suggests, that the features of emotion recognition in MD and STP groups reflect some differences in the neurophysiological mechanisms underlying the affect-related dysfunction in these groups of depressed patients.
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PMID:Abnormal recognition of facial expression of emotions in depressed patients with major depression disorder and schizotypal personality disorder. 889 61

The present study illustrates a case of obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) with schizotypal personality treated by social skills training. Prior research suggests that OCD with schizotypal personality predicts poor treatment outcome using exposure-based treatments. Following social skills treatment and at 6-month follow-up, the patient had considerable obsessive-compulsive symptom reduction, although he was still symptomatic for OCD, anxiety and depression. Controlled trails are indicated to illuminate the specific contributions of this approach for OCD with schizotypal personality disorder.
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PMID:Social skills training in a case of obsessive-compulsive disorder with schizotypal personality disorder. 889 18

Double-blind, placebo-controlled trials of pharmacotherapy for personality disorders (PD) were reviewed, and the indications concluded were as follows: (1) Severe cases of both Borderline Personality Disorder (BDP) and Schizotypal Personality Disorder (SPD) respond to low dose antipsychotic drugs resulting in improvement of a broad spectrum of symptoms. They also respond to monoamine oxidase inhibitor (MAOI). Amitriptyline causes a paradoxical effect. (2) Borderline personality disorder with behavioral dyscontrol responds to carbamazepine which reduces actual episodes of dyscontrol, to an antipsychotic drug and to MAOI. Alprazolam is associated with an increase in suicidality and dyscontrol. Borderline personal disorder or Histrionic Personality Disorder with a tendency to suicide, responds to a depot antipsychotic drug. Personality disorders with aggressive behavior respond to lithium. Moderately severe PD with explosive behavior respond to oxazepam, but at a dose where the side effect is sedation. (3) Borderline personality disorder and SPD with psychotic symptoms respond to an antipsychotic drug which improves psychotic symptoms as well as neurotic symptoms. Emotionally Unstable Character Disorder with a disturbance of mood swings, responds to lithium. Adolescent PD respond to an antipsychotic drug. (4) Comorbid atypical depression of histrionic personality and BPD respond to MAOI or imipramine. Comorbid neurotic disorder of PD responds to dothiepin. Comorbid social phobia of avoidant and dependent PD responds to MAOI.
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PMID:Pharmacotherapy for personality disorders. 968 28

Hoarding is a symptom of obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD), as well as a diagnostic criterion for obsessive compulsive personality disorder (OCPD). One recent study suggests that people who suffer from compulsive hoarding report more general psychopathology than people who do not [Frost, R.O., Krause, M.S., & Steketee, G. (1996). Hoarding and obsessive compulsive symptoms. Behavior Modification, 20, 116-132]. The present study addressed whether persons with OCD hoarding exhibit more depression, anxiety, OCD and personality disorders symptoms than community controls, OCD nonhoarders, or other anxiety disorder patients. Disability was also examined. Hoarding subjects were older than the other three groups, but age did not account for any of the differences observed among the groups. Compared to controls, OCD hoarding, nonhoarding OCD and anxiety disorder patients showed elevated YBOCS scores, as well as higher scores on depression, anxiety, family and social disability. Compared to nonhoarding OCD and anxiety disorder patients, OCD hoarding patients scored higher on anxiety, depression, family and social disability. Hoarding subjects had greater personality disorder symptoms than controls. However, OCD hoarding subjects differed from OCD nonhoarding and anxiety disorder subjects only on dependent and schizotypal personality disorder symptoms. The findings suggest that hoarding is associated with significant comorbidity and impairment compared to nonhoarding OCD and other anxiety disorders.
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PMID:Mood, personality disorder symptoms and disability in obsessive compulsive hoarders: a comparison with clinical and nonclinical controls. 1106 Sep 36

A preliminary but growing body of evidence supports the existence of biological substrates in personality disorders. Based on a review of the literature, the article deals with the major biological markers: genetic, cognitive, biochemical, electrophysiological and organic markers, of schizotypal and borderline personality disorders. In addition, the article compares these findings in these two types of pathological personality. In the field of genetics, we notice several indices in favour of a relationship between schizotypal personality disorder (SPD) and chronic schizophrenia. In contrast, in borderline personality disorder (BPD), indices were lacking for such a relationship between this disorder and one of the axis I diagnosis, or a clear genetic transmission. In the field of cognitive tests, we can note in both SPD and BPD, that the abnormalities which would be at the level of temporal and frontal lobes, may be implicated in the observable cognitive troubles in these two disorders. In the field of neurobiochemistry, the dopaminergic and serotonergic systems seem to be implicated in the etiology of SPD while several data point out the fact that several neurotransmitter systems (dopaminergic, serotonergic, noradrenergic and cholinergic) seem to be involved in the etiology of BPD. Finally, in the field of electrophysiology, we notice that some of these tests observed in SPD (smooth pursuit eye movements, evoked potentials, modification of the electrodermic response) seem reinforcing the relationship between SPD and schizophrenia while those observed in BPD seem reinforcing either a relationship between BPD and depression (sleep studies), or a relationship between BPD and schizophrenia (evoked potentials, smooth pursuit eye movements).
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PMID:[Biological markers in schizotypal and borderline personality disorders]. 1121 38

1,363 high school students were solicited to complete a personality disorder questionnaire and were encouraged to continue in the study by signing up for interviews with Master's level psychology students. 107 students (7.8%, 34 males, 73 females, mean age = 16.7 +/- 1.8) manifested themselves for the interview and were assessed by using structured diagnostic interviews for borderline personality disorder and major depressive disorder (DIB-R, Revised Diagnostic Interview for Borderlines; MINI, Mini International Neuropsychiatric Interview). The interviews were audiotaped. Interrater reliability was determined by independent ratings of 12 borderline subjects and 12 non-borderline subjects (kappa: 0.795). The distribution of the 107 subjects based on the number of DSM IV borderline personality disorder criteria indicated a gradual dispersion suggesting a continuum from normality to borderline personality disorder: 8% of the subjects met none of the criteria; 16% met one criterion; 17% met two; 12.5%, three; 13.7%, four; 8.4%, five; 5.6%, six; 9.3%, seven; 4.6%, eight; 4.6%, nine. Thirty-five of these 107 subjects (32.7%, 6 males, 29 females, mean age = 16.7 +/- 1.7) received a diagnosis of borderline personality disorder according to DSM IV criteria. The most frequent symptoms were paranoid ideation or dissociative symptoms (97.1%), affective instability (88.6%), inappropriate, intense anger (85.6%), suicidal gestures or automutilation (82.9%), followed by frantic efforts to avoid abandonment (77%), impulsivity (65.7%), unstable and intense relationships (62.9%), identity disturbance (60%), and emptiness (57.1%). The comparison between borderline and non-borderline subjects showed that all borderline personality disorder criteria discriminated significantly between the two groups. The high incidence of paranoid ideation (97.1%) and dissociative experiences (65.7%) in the borderline group suggests the pertinence of criterion 9 in the diagnosis of borderline personality disorder in adolescents. Two criteria of schizotypal personality disorder were also frequent in this group: 68.6% of the borderline group reported odd beliefs or magical thinking, in particular beliefs in clairvoyance or telepathy and 88.6% reported unusual perceptual experiences, in particular sensing the presence of a force or person and bodily illusions. Moreover, 31.4% of the borderline group reported transient "quasi" psychotic experiences, mainly "quasi" visual hallucinations. Auditory hallucinations or delusional ideas were not observed. This symptomatology suggests a "quasi" psychotic dimension of adolescent borderline personality disorder. Affective instability was the next most frequent symptom which was usually marked by a cyclothymic appearance. Comorbidity with major depressive disorder was high: 85.7% of the borderline subjects had a concurrent diagnosis of major depression versus 45.8% of the non-borderline subjects. Thus, major depression is more frequent than most of the borderline personality disorder criteria, with the exception of the already noted paranoid ideation and affective instability. Hypomanic symptoms were frequent in the borderline group (65.7%) as well as in the non-borderline group (38.8%). This symptomatology suggests that adolescent borderline personality disorder is linked to an attenuated bipolar spectrum characterised by major depressive episodes and soft signs of bipolarity. However, hypomanic symptoms, which were quite frequent in non-borderline subjects, might also be due to a mechanism of defence, i.e. the denial of depression. Comorbidity with anxiety disorders appeared also to be high: anxiety symptoms were found in 91.4% of the borderline subjects who reported symptoms of generalised anxiety disorder, panic disorder, and somatoform disorders. The overall clinical appearance of these borderline adolescents not referred for treatment seemed to be quite similar to that of borderline adolescents in clinical samples. This study shows that adolescent borderline personality disorder in non-clinical population is a serious disorder characterised by the importance of mental suffering and behavioural disturbances the disorganising power of which may fix the developmental process in a pathological pathway. Adolescent borderline personality disorder appears in this study to be strongly associated with major depressive disorder and at-risk behaviours linked to impulsivity, affective instability, and suicidal ideation. However, this study found an absence of precise cut-off between borderline and non-borderline subjects. Two factors might have contributed to the appearance of a continuum. First, some degree of impulsivity and instability in affectivity, self-images and interpersonal relationships is part of normal adolescence. (ABSTRACT TRUNCATED)
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PMID:[Symptoms of DSM IV borderline personality disorder in a nonclinical population of adolescents: study of a series of 35 patients]. 1140 63

Intervention in the prodromal phase of schizophrenia and related psychoses may result in attenuation, delay or even prevention of the onset of psychosis in some individuals. However, a "prodrome" is difficult to recognise prospectively because of its nonspecific symptoms. This study set out to recruit and follow up subjects at high risk of transition to psychosis with the aim of examining the predictive power for psychosis onset of certain mental state and illness variables.Symptomatic individuals with either a family history of psychotic disorder, schizotypal personality disorder, subthreshold psychotic symptoms or brief transient psychotic symptoms were assessed and followed up monthly for 12 months or until psychosis onset. Twenty of 49 subjects (40.8%) developed a psychotic disorder within 12 months. Some highly significant predictors of psychosis were found: long duration of prodromal symptoms, poor functioning at intake, low-grade psychotic symptoms, depression and disorganization. Combining some predictive variables yielded a strategy for psychosis prediction with good sensitivity (86%), specificity (91%) positive predictive value (80%) and negative predictive value (94%) within 6 months. This study illustrates that it is possible to recruit and follow up individuals at ultra high risk of developing psychosis within a relatively brief follow-up period. Despite low numbers some highly significant predictors of psychosis were found. The findings support the development of more specific preventive strategies targeting the prodromal phase for some individuals at ultra high risk of schizophrenia.
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PMID:Psychosis prediction: 12-month follow up of a high-risk ("prodromal") group. 1250 35

In a sample of 75 women recruited from the community, we measured trauma/maltreatment history and symptoms of schizotypal personality disorder, using both questionnaire and interview measures. As hypothesized, individuals with histories of trauma/maltreatment had elevated levels of schizotypal symptoms. Among types of trauma/maltreatment, reported childhood neglect was especially strongly associated with schizotypal symptoms. Although posttraumatic stress disorder symptom severity, depression, dissociation, and difficulty identifying one's emotions were all associated with schizotypal symptoms, they could not account completely for the association between trauma/maltreatment and schizotypal symptoms.
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PMID:Psychological trauma and schizotypal symptoms. 1290 70

Previous research has suggested that the presence of schizotypal personality disorder may represent a risk factor for treatment failure in obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD). Relying on a dimensional approach, the present study investigated whether the predictive importance of schizotypal personality is shared by all of its features to the same extent or whether it is confined to a subset of symptoms. Fifty-three patients underwent multi-modal cognitive-behavioral therapy with or without adjunctive antidepressive medication. Therapy response was defined as a 35% decline of the Y-BOCS total score. At baseline assessment, patients were asked to fill out the schizotypal personality questionnaire, the perceptual aberration scale and the Beck depression inventory. Stepwise regression analysis and group comparisons conducted with the schizotypal and depression scales revealed that elevated scores in the positive schizotypal scales, especially perceptual aberrations, were highly predictive for treatment failure. Responders to treatment and non-responders did not significantly differ on other variables or on scores in two scales which measured response biases. The study provides evidence that positive schizotypal symptoms are antecendents for treatment failure in OCD. It needs to be evaluated whether these at-risk individuals benefit from additional intervention, such as the adminstration of low-dose atypical neuroleptics and specifically tailored behavorial intervention.
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PMID:Positive schizotypal symptoms predict treatment outcome in obsessive-compulsive disorder. 1497 82


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