Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0011570 (depression)
 172,036 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Occlusion of retinal precapillary arterioles may be related to vascular endothelial damage, embolization, vasculitis, and other factors. Following acute retinal precapillary arteriolar occlusion in the macular area, inhibition of axoplasmic transport results in the formation of cotton-wool patches. A variable loss of retinal function occurs. During the subacute phase, reperfusion of the vascular bed is usually seen with a gradual fading of the cotton-wool patch. In the chronic phase, the only sign of the infarction may be a loss of inner retinal substance with an irregularity of the light reflex from the internal limiting membrane, the retinal depression sign. The characteristics of retinal precapillary arteriolar occlusions are reviewed and specific features of hypertensive retinopathy, talc retinopathy, and sickle cell retinopathy are discussed.
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PMID:Arteriolar occlusive diseases of the macula. 619 80

To evaluate the relationship between diabetic neuropathy and retinopathy, we examined autonomic nervous function, postural hypotension, nerve conduction velocity and coefficient of variation of R-R intervals. Forty-five non-insulin dependent diabetic cases were classified as no diabetic retinopathy (group A), simple diabetic retinopathy (group B) and proliferative diabetic retinopathy (group C). These groups did not differ in age or gender. The rate of postural hypotension (depression of systolic blood pressure over 30 mmHg) was 0% in group A, 7% in group Bs and 53% in group C. Nerve conduction velocity in both motor and sensory nerve was delayed over 20% in 0% of group A, 8% of group B, and 33% of group C. In CVR-R, 11% of group A and 7% of group B were decreased, and 44% (during rest) and 33% (during deep breathing) of group C was decreased. Between groups A and B there was no statistical difference. But group C had statistically significant difference from other groups, particularly in postural hypotension. Peripheral neuropathy might be closely related to diabetic retinopathy.
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PMID:[A study of the relationship between diabetic neuropathy and diabetic retinopathy]. 782 8

Proteolytic enzymes, lipase, kinins, and other active peptides liberated from the inflamed pancreas convert inflammation of the pancreas, a single-organ disease of the retroperitoneum, to a multisystem disease. Adult respiratory distress syndrome, in addition to being secondary to microvascular thrombosis, may be the result of active phospholipase A (lecithinase), which digests lecithin, a major component of surfactant. Myocardial depression and shock are suspected to be secondary to vasoactive peptides and a myocardial depressant factor. Coagulation abnormalities may range from scattered intravascular thrombosis to severe disseminated intravascular coagulation. Acute renal failure has been explained on the basis of hypovolemia and hypotension. The renin-angiotensin alterations in acute pancreatitis (AP) as mediators of renal failure need to be studied. Metabolic complications include hypocalcemia, hyperlipemia, hyperglycemia, hypoglycemia, and diabetic ketoacidosis, of which hypocalcemia has been long recognized as an indicator of poor prognosis. The pathogenesis of hypocalcemia is multifactorial and includes calcium-soap formation, hormonal imbalances (e.g., parathyroid hormone, calcitonin, glucagon), binding of calcium by free fatty acid-albumin complexes, and intracellular translocation of calcium. Subcutaneous fat necrosis, arthritis, and Purtscher's retinopathy are rare. The various prognostic criteria of AP and other associated laboratory abnormalities are manifestations of systemic effects. Early recognition and appropriated management of these complications have resulted in improved prognosis of severe AP.
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PMID:Acute pancreatitis: a multisystem disease. 804 85

This study documents the ultrastructural findings in a case of solar retinopathy, 6 days after sungazing. A malignant melanoma of the choroid was diagnosed in a 65-year-old man. On fundoscopy, the macula was normal. The patient agreed to stare at the sun prior to enucleation. A typical solar retinopathy developed, characterised by a small, reddish, sharply circumscribed depression in the foveal area. Structural examination of the fovea and parafovea revealed a spectrum of cone and rod outer segment changes including vesiculation and fragmentation of the photoreceptor lamellae and the presence of discrete 100-120 nm whorls within the disc membranes. Many photoreceptor cells, particularly the parafoveal rods, also demonstrated mitochondrial swelling and nuclear pyknosis. Scattered retinal pigment epithelial cells in the fovea and parafovea showed a degeneration characterised by loss of plasma membrane specialisations, swelling of the smooth endoplasmic reticulum and changes in the fine structure of the lipofuscin granules. The good visual prognosis in solar retinopathy was attributed to the resistance of the foveal cone cells to photochemical damage.
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PMID:Ultrastructural findings in solar retinopathy. 832 20

One hundred and fifty-one non-insulin-dependent diabetic patients were assessed to detect sociodemographic, psychological and disease-related characteristics that were related to depressive state among diabetic patients. Depressive state in the patients was correlated with poor social support and low economic status, premorbid neurotic personality and the presence of complications, retinopathy in particular. However, depressive state did not correlate with age, gender, education, serum level of HbA1C or duration of diabetes. The severity of the depressive state in diabetic patients may vary with the cultural background of the patient and/or the country in which he or she is living. In treating diabetic patients, doctors need to pay special attention to these factors.
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PMID:Impact of sociodemographic and diabetes-related characteristics on depressive state among non-insulin-dependent diabetic patients. 931 64

Childhood diabetes is most common in Nordic countries and its incidence is rising. In order to evaluate the efficacy of health care follow-up units we investigated physical and psychosocial health status, mode of coping with adult health care and medical treatment in 82 young adults (46 males, 36 females, average age 20.9 yr. and average disease duration 12.7 yr.) who had had diabetes since childhood. All but three of them made regular visits to a health care facility but only 27% monitored blood glucose reasonably well. Only eight percent had a HbA1 concentration within the optimal range, and half had a inappropriate level. Half of the subjects with high HbA1 in adolescence had managed to improve it since leaving the paediatric unit. The most common clinical findings were lipohypertrophy and depressed patellar and achillar reflexes. Up to 70% had background retinopathy and 10% proliferative retinopathy, while two thirds (62%) had depressed conduction velocity of the peroneal nerve. Clinically significant psychiatric problems were found in 17% of the patients, depression being the most prominent feature. Among the social characteristics, delayed social maturation and lack of vocational education were found to be more common than in age-matched controls. One in three exhibited a major overt physical problem and one in five a major psychosocial problem. In conclusion, whatever the health care follow-up unit attended by young adults with diabetes since childhood, the teams face health problems that differ totally from one individual to another. It is important at this transitional age to focus attention in a broad-minded manner on the many factors complicating diabetes or affecting good compliance with treatment.
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PMID:The state of young adults with juvenile onset diabetes. 933 32

Relationships between demographic-, treatment-, and sickness-related factors, metabolic control (HbA1c), perceived burden of illness, and degree of depressive symptoms were examined in a group of 155 insulin-dependent diabetic patients, aged 35.3 +/- 8.9 years. The patients completed a questionnaire measuring depressive symptoms and three aspects of perceived burden of illness. No gender differences in HbA1c level or occurrence of late diabetic complications were found. Both men and women showed a modestly elevated degree of depression compared with norm groups. Self-reported burden of illness was strongly related to depression but was largely unrelated to objective disease-related measures. Level of depression was correlated neither with degree of metabolic control nor with the presence of such late diabetic complications as retinopathy and nephropathy. Some 44% of the variance in depression could be explained by worries about complications in those patients with the lowest HbA1c levels, by perceived restrictions in everyday life in patients with intermediate metabolic control, and by problems of glycaemic regulation in patients with poor metabolic control. Degree of depression was largely unrelated to disease severity, but was found to be related to the perceived daily burden of living with the disease, the specific worries and concerns associated with a depressed mood varying with degree of metabolic control.
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PMID:Burden of illness, metabolic control, and complications in relation to depressive symptoms in IDDM patients. 945 35

Diabetes mellitus is very common in older persons. Changes in exercise habits, body habitus, leptin, amylin, tumor necrosis factor alpha, and nitric oxide all play a role in the pathogenesis of age-related insulin resistance. In older persons elevated glucose levels not only produce retinopathy, neuropathy, and nephropathy but also decrease quality of life, pain tolerance, cognition, and functional status and increase injurious falls, nocturia, incontinence, pressure ulcers, and orthostatic hypotension. The availability of multiple new therapies has enhanced the ability of physicians to improve glycemic control in older persons without unacceptable levels of hypoglycemia. Caregivers play an important role in the management of older diabetics. Depression increases mortality rate and hospital admissions in older diabetics. In many nursing homes the quality of diabetic care is marginal. A new causative theory of the metabolic syndrome involving cytokines and nitric oxide-the NO cytokine theory-is proposed.
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PMID:An overview of diabetes mellitus in older persons. 1033 29

Intensity-series rod and cone ERGs were recorded in 19 patients with XLRS and 26 control eyes. All patients were examined by one ophthalmologist and diagnosed on the basis of fundus appearance and evidence of the disease in other males in the same family. Mutations in the XLRS1 gene have been identified in 15 of the patients. Dark-adapted ERGs were significantly different from controls for all test conditions and for both a-wave and b-wave responses. Abnormalities were detectable in all patients but there was considerable variation in the severity of abnormality. One third of the patients had the dark-adapted 'negative-wave' response typically associated with inner retinal disorder, but about one third showed only mild depression of the b-wave while the remainder had abnormally low a-waves in addition to depressed b-waves. Light-adapted responses were also affected and both a-wave and b-wave responses differed significantly from controls, but the 'negative-wave' response was not seen in any patient. The severity of the ERG abnormality did not correlate with the classification of fundus appearance or patient age suggesting that retinal function is relatively stable throughout life. The severity of ERG abnormalities did not correlate with the type of mutation and responses could differ between affected males within the same family. These results indicate considerable heterogeneity of ERG response without clinical, age or genetic correlate. The abnormal a-wave responses indicate that photoreceptor as well as inner retinal layer function may be affected in XLRS, at least in some patients.
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PMID:Mutations of the XLRS1 gene cause abnormalities of photoreceptor as well as inner retinal responses of the ERG. 1094 1

This study examined depressive symptoms and their correlates in African-American patients with type 1 diabetes. Five-hundred eighty-one diabetics participated in a study on risk factors for retinopathy in African-Americans with type 1 diabetes. Evaluations included structured interview, ocular examination, blood test, and completion of the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI). Among the 581 diabetic patients, 159 (26.9%) had a BDI score > 14. Significantly more of these patients were unemployed, had less education, lower socio-economic status, and less personal and family income than those who had a BDI < or = 14. Also, significantly more patients with a BDI score > 14 had proliferative retinopathy and were receiving disability payments. In the multiple logistic regression, two factors that significantly and independently associated with the BDI score > 14 were unemployment or not working due to disability. Both socio-economic and diabetic variables are associated with depressive symptoms among African-American patients with type 1 diabetes.
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PMID:Depressive symptoms in African-American type 1 diabetics. 1123 57


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