Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0011570 (depression)
 172,036 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

A single injection of reserpine in an adult horse was believed to induce toxicosis for several days. Clinical signs included erratic, colic-like behavior followed by depression, bradycardia, miosis, ptosis, and paraphimosis. Diarrhea was not observed and may have been due to the effect of xylazine given with the reserpine. The horse was supported with IV fluids and intensive nursing care. Gradual improvement was noted 72 hours after the horse received the drug. Qualitative analysis via high-performance liquid chromatography was positive for reserpine. Methamphetamine is the recommended antidote but was not used in this case.
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PMID:Reserpine toxicosis in a horse. 399 54

1. Ouabain given by intracerebroventricular injection to mice in small doses (0.1-0.4 mug) produced a dose related depression of central nervous activity, characterized by a reduction in spontaneous locomotor activity, hypothermia, catalepsy and ptosis, lowered body posture and lack of response to external stimuli. Doses above 0.4 mug were excitatory, convulsant and lethal.2. The depressant effects could be antagonized by (+)-amphetamine, desmethylimipramine, dibutyryl cyclic 3'5'-adenosine monophosphate and caffeine.3. The MAO inhibitor nialamide produced only a small antagonism of ouabain, resulting in a greater rate of recovery from the depressant effects of ouabain.4. The depressant effects were associated with a marked elevation of whole-brain dopamine levels with little change in noradrenaline or 5-hydroxytryptamine.5. The dopamine-beta-hydroxylase inhibitor sodium diethyldithiocarbamate, administered by intracerebroventricular injection, produced effects qualitatively similar to those seen after ouabain.6. An interference with central transmitter function is postulated as a possible mode of action of intracerebroventricularly injected ouabain.
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PMID:Pharmacological properties of centrally administered ouabain and their modification by other drugs. 432 23

1. Centrally administered sodium diethyldithiocarbamate (DDC) produced hypothermia, central nervous depression and potentiation of the antinociceptive effect of morphine. These effects resemble those seen with centrally administered ouabain. Furthermore, the interactions of (+)-amphetamine, desmethylimipramine and nialamide with DDC and ouabain were similar.2. 6-Hydroxydopamine by the same route also produced central nervous depressant effects including hypothermia, decreased locomotor activity and catalepsy but not ptosis.3. Both ouabain and chlorpromazine produced similar effects on behaviour and body temperature including selective abolition of a conditioned avoidance response.4. Although centrally administered tetrabenazine produced ptosis, decreased locomotor activity and catalepsy, it had no significant effect on body temperature. However, the hypothermia produced by peripherally administered reserpine was reversed by centrally administered dibutyryl cyclic 3',5'-adenosine monophosphate.5. Centrally administered cocaine and desmethylimipramine produced no depressant effects but an increased excitability and responsiveness were apparent in both cases.6. Although the observed behavioural depression and hypothermia can occur independently both seem to involve an interference with dopaminergic systems.
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PMID:Pharmacological properties of centrally-administered agents which interfere with neurotransmitter function: a comparison with the central depressant effects of ouabain. 435 86

Experiments on cats revealed an emotiotropic action of melanostatin on the original spectrum of emotional reactivity, similar to the effects of L-DOPA and amantadin. The drug does not possess an antidepressant action proper but activates the aggressive-defensive behaviour in experimental reserpine depression and reduces the provocation-induced aggressive behaviour in experimental haloperidol depression. In reserpinized mice, it antagonizes reserpine hypothermia, increases muscle tone and eliminates ptosis. It decreases haloperidol-induced catalepsia. Melanostatin increases the brain level of dopamine and its metabolite, homovanilic acid.
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PMID:[Psychopharmacologic spectrum of melanostatin]. 610 96

Effects of dl-1-(4-amino-3-chloro-5-trifluoromethyl-phenyl)-2-tert.-butylamino-etha nol hydrochloride (mabuterol) on the central nervous system, the striated muscle and the carbohydrate and lipid metabolism were investigated in comparison with those of isoprenaline and salbutamol. Mabuterol caused the following changes in behavior: increased touch response (10 mg/kg p.o.), decreased spontaneous movement and ptosis (30 and 100 mg/kg p.o., resp.), observed for 240-300 min. Mabuterol (5 mg/kg p.o. and 2.5 mg/kg s.c.) prolonged the sleeping time induced by hexobarbital Na, but not dose-dependently. Mabuterol depressed reactive movement at 80 mg/kg p.o. and 40 mg/kg s.c. in the rotarod test, at 160 mg/kg p.o. and 40 mg/kg s.c. in the traction test and at 200 mg/kg p.o. and 160 mg/kg s.c. in the inclined plane test in mice, whereas isoprenaline and salbutamol were almost ineffective. Analgesic activity of mabuterol was found in the acetic acid writhing test but not in the bradykinin-induced nociception test. An anticonvulsive effect was not observed. Mabuterol (10 mg/kg i.v.) produced a change in the spontaneous EEG of one of three rabbits, showing synchronization of cortical activity with sedation. Equipotent dose (i.v.) ratios of mabuterol to isoprenaline were 10.2, 30 and 133 in the depression of incomplete tetanic contraction of cat soleus muscle, hypotensive effect and tachycardia respectively, whereas neither indirect nor direct electrical stimulation induced contraction of diaphragm and gastrocnemius muscle was affected. Equipotent dose (s.c.) ratios of mabuterol to isoprenaline were 2.07, 4.64 and 3.21 in increasing plasma levels of glucose, lactic acid and free fatty acids respectively. Mabuterol caused no remarkable change in myocardial glycogen content.
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PMID:Pharmacological studies of mabuterol, a new selective beta 2-stimulant. III: Effects on the central nervous system, striated muscle and carbohydrate and lipid metabolism. 615 58

In rhesus monkeys, acute administration of levonantradol and nantradol produced signs of CNS depression, including ataxia with body sag, pupil dilation, ptosis, dozing, and reduced responsivity to external stimuli. Neither compound suppressed the morphine withdrawal syndrome; however, both alleviated the chronic abdominal contraction associated with withdrawal. The directly observable effects of these compounds were not antagonized by naloxone. When levonantradol was administered every 6 hours, marked tolerance developed to both the effects of levonantradol and nabilone and THC. No signs of withdrawal were observed when levonantradol injections were abruptly discontinued. When substituted in lieu of codeine under an intravenous drug self-administration procedure, neither levonantradol nor nantradol maintained responding at rates higher than those maintained by their vehicle. Finally, the discriminative effects of levonantradol were not equivalent to those of the narcotics ethylketazocine or etorphine.
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PMID:Behavioral effects of levonantradol and nantradol in the rhesus monkey. 627 36

Injuries to the inferior and lateral orbital walls are traditionally classified as either "blow-out" or trimalar fractures. This simplified system has helped considerably in the understanding of the causes of the two types of injury and methods of repair. Unfortunately, simultaneous occurrence can cause immediate and delayed problems that potentiate each other. Enophthalmos and globe ptosis, in combination with a depressed malar eminence, present a major challenge to the reconstructive surgeon's efforts to achieve satisfactory function and appearance. This paper reports the results of combined orbital floor and lateral wall injuries as an important clinical trauma syndrome. The interaction of the two fractures with regard to pathophysiology, sequelae, and methods of correction will be discussed. A review of cases will be used to describe the authors' techniques of repair, and to illustrate the preferred methods of bone grafting for correction of retrusion and depression of the globe, muscle entrapment and depression of the malar eminence.
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PMID:Evaluation and correction of combined orbital trauma syndrome. 634 76

We describe a 10-year review of 53 patients having had correction of lower eyelid ptosis using fascia lata sling suspension by the operation first described in 1973. The overall conclusion is that this continues to be a reliable procedure with a low complication rate. Four major changes relating to operative technique that create a better result are as follows: (1) the surgical correction must begin with a prosthesis that is ideal for the socket; (2) the fascial strip is narrower at 2 mm; (3) the lateral orbital rim burr hole is placed higher; and (4) the passage of the fascial strip is facilitated by the use of Wright's needle. The optimal sequence of operative procedures in the anophthalmic orbit syndrome is (1) correction of enophthalmos and superior sulcus depression, (2) correction of lower eyelid ptosis, and (3) correction of upper eyelid ptosis.
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PMID:Correction of lower eyelid ptosis in the anophthalmic orbit: a long-term follow-up. 661 50

The fetal outcome in 135 cases of cord prolapse seen during the period 1970-79 was studied. The fetus was alive at diagnosis in 127 cases. In 88 (69.3%) of the cases, the cord prolapsed during the first stage of labor and they were managed by Vago's method of rapid instillation of saline into the bladder to relieve cord pressure during preparation for cesarean section (CS). In the remaining 39 cases, the cord prolapsed during the second stage of labor and the patients were delivered vaginally. The overall perinatal mortality rate was 8.1%. The perinatal mortality rate among cases with a live fetus at diagnosis was 2.4%. In spite of a long diagnosis-delivery interval, no fetal deaths occurred in the 88 cases managed by bladder instillation and CS. Vaginal delivery of footling presentations was associated with a fetal mortality of 18.2%. The infant depression rate was significantly higher in breech vaginal deliveries than in CSs (P less than 0.001). Fetal bradycardia at the time of diagnosis was associated with an increased infant depression rate following vaginal delivery (39%) as compared with CS (10%). The CS rate in this series is the highest and the perinatal mortality among the lowest yet reported.
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PMID:Prolapse of the cord: reduction of perinatal mortality by bladder instillation and cesarean section. 686 62

Minaprine (3-[2-morpholino-ethlamino]-4-methyl-6-phenyl-pyridazine dihydrochloride; 30038CM; trade name in France: Cantor) is a new psychotropic drug. The therapeutic profile of minaprine differs from that of other known psychotropic agents; in man the drug antagonizes the "inhibitory syndrome" characterized by decreased spontaneous activity, reduction in basic drives, slowed thoughts, feelings of tiredness and social withdrawal. Preliminary clinical trials have indicated that minaprine may also be effective in certain depressive states. This finding prompted us to study the effects of minaprine in animal models for depression. Like most antidepressants minaprine antagonizes behavioral despair, but the effect exhibits a slow onset and maximal activity is reached 24 h after administration. Minaprine also antagonizes reserpine-induced ptosis, this effect has a rapid onset, and is long-lasting. In contrast, minaprine poorly antagonizes reserpine-induced hypothermia. Unlike most antidepressants minaprine does not potentiate yohimbine-induced lethality. Minaprine potently antagonizes prochlorperazine-induced catalepsy in rats and potentiates amphetamine-induced stereotyped behavior, suggesting that the drug may enhance dopaminergic transmission. Finally, minaprine does not antagonize either oxotremorine-induced tremors or physiostigmine-induced lethality. Taken together the results of the present study indicate that minaprine is active on certain, but not all, animal models for depression and suggest the drug may have a potential clinical utility in the treatment of human depressions.
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PMID:Pharmacological evaluation of minaprine dihydrochloride, a new psychotropic drug. 689 Mar 59


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