Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0011570 (depression)
 172,036 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Blepharospasm is a relatively frequent cranial dystonia which may be seen either alone or related to orofacial-mandibular dystonia (Meige's syndrome). In its maximum degree it can cause functional blindness.Twelve patients with blepharospasm (4 essential and 8 Meige's syndrome) who had been previously treated unsuccessfully with drugs (trihexyphenidyl, biperiden, carbamazepine, lithium, baclofen, lisuride, imipramine, clonazepam and butyrophenones) were treated for 12 months with periocular injections of botulinum toxin (BOTOX). A "low" dose of 12,5 U per eye was employed. With this dose, eleven out of twelve patients experienced significant improvement which lasted from five to fifteen weeks. The only nonresponder obtained complete relief upon duplicating the dose. The only side effect was uni or bilateral ptosis in six patients which improved completely in seven to twenty one days. One patient developed a peripheral facial palsy with complete remission in nineteen days. No systemic side effects were noted. There was only one desertion from this study due to depression enhanced by prolonged (21 days) ptosis. All patients (including the deserter) agreed that treatment with BOTOX provided more relief than any other previous therapeutic method. Our results confirm those obtained by others but a more prolonged study is needed to better evaluate long term effects.
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PMID:[Treatment of blepharospasm with botulinum toxin]. 210 46

Fifty patients receiving estradiol implants for long-term treatment of premenstrual syndrome were studied over 5.6 years (range 2-8 years). There was a continued beneficial response to treatment in all symptoms, varying between 74% for bloating and 96% for depression. Menstrual cycle control improved in 31 patients and periods were less painful in 30 patients. Cyclical progestogenic symptoms occurred in 58% of patients. These were partially relieved by alterations in dose, type and duration of progestogen treatment but in 7 patients the symptoms remained severe. Eight patients had a hysterectomy during treatment; 5 for continuing progestogenic symptoms, 1 for prolapse and 2 for prolonged menstrual bleeding despite adequate progestogen therapy. Attempts to reduce the dose of progestogen led to cystic hyperplasia in 4 patients. This was treated by hysterectomy in 2 patients and corrected with two 21-day courses of progestogen in the other 2. Uterine enlargement with a mean weight of 133 g (125-145 g) associated with myometrial hypertrophy occurred in all 8 hysterectomy patients. There were no complications form venous thrombosis, pulmonary embolus, breast disease or atypical endometrial hyperplasia.
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PMID:The long-term effects of estradiol implant therapy for the treatment of premenstrual syndrome. 211 9

2-(3,4-Dichlorobenzyl)-2-dimethylamino-1-propanol, hydrochloride (JO 1017) is a novel antidepressant drug. Its biochemical and pharmacological properties were investigated in mice, rats, dogs, rabbits and guinea pigs. In vitro, it selectively inhibited serotonin uptake and had a high affinity for the 3H-paroxetine and 3H-imipramine binding sites. Biochemical studies demonstrated the lack of MAO-A and MAO-B inhibition and the absence of marked affinity for muscarinic, histaminic or other conventional brain receptors. Chronic treatment with JO 1017 induced a decrease in the Bmax values for imipramine sites but did not modify the Bmax for beta-adrenergic and 5-HT2 receptors. The neuropsychopharmacological profile of JO 1017 is characterized by a decrease of the immobility times in behavioural despair tests with mice, a decrease of the escape failures in the rat learned helplessness test, a strong potentiation of L-5-HT P-induced head-twitches in mice and an antagonism of reserpine-induced ptosis in rabbits. It weakly antagonized oxotremorine-induced hypothermia and did not influence the hypothermia induced by apomorphine. In contrast to most other antidepressants, a high dose of JO 1017 induced hypermotility in mice placed in an activity meter without producing stereotyped behaviour and group toxicity. Unlike tricyclic antidepressants, JO 1017 was devoid of severe cardiotoxicity in guinea pigs and had no central anticholinergic nor antihistaminic properties. These results suggest that JO 1017 is a selective serotonin uptake inhibitor with a high safety margin. JO 1017 may have a potential clinical utility both in the treatment of depression and for indications where serotonin transmission is involved, e.g., anxiety, panic attack, obsessive compulsive disorder, obesity and alcohol consumption.
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PMID:Biochemical and pharmacological evaluation of the novel antidepressant and serotonin uptake inhibitor 2-(3,4-Dichlorobenzyl)-2-dimethylamino-1-propanol hydrochloride. 216 3

Behavioural tests for predicting antidepressant activity in the animal provide a closer approximation than other tests of states of depression in man but are often long and costly to perform (except the behavioural despair test). The tests proposed here presuppose a pharmacological interaction (except the Porsolt test) but are simple enough to allow screening: included are antagonism of reserpine hypothermia, ptosis and akinesia; antagonism of effects induced by oxotremorine; antagonism of high-dose apomorphine; and potentiation of yohimbine toxicity. In combination with the study of motor activity in the mouse, these tests allow assessment of the specificity of antidepressant activity by establishing a ratio between the "antidepressant" dose and the "stimulant" or "sedative" dose. It can be predicted that a substance will be antidepressant and sedative or stimulant at the same dose if the ratio is close to 1; if the ratio is less than 1, at antidepressant doses the substance will be very sedative or stimulant according to the case. The specificity of the tests discussed can be debatable. Antagonism of reserpine-induced hypothermia indicates substances with direct or indirect beta-mimetic activity, ptosis antagonism, substances with alpha-adrenergic (not antidepressants) or serotoninergic (possibly antidepressants) activity; and akinesia antagonism, a direct or indirect dopaminergic activity (sometimes found in antidepressants) with psychostimulant activity. The oxotremorine test is related to the anticholinergic activity of substances, except in the case of hypothermia antagonism. The high-dose apomorphine test seems to be specific for substances inhibiting norepinephrine reuptake. The yohimbine test is simple to carry out, relatively inexpensive and does not fail to screen any molecule known to be effective to-date. The behavioural despair test is a good complement for screening except for drugs having a beta-agonist activity, it appears that this test is dependent on functional relationships between alpha 2 and serotonergic systems.
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PMID:Is it possible to predict the activity of a new antidepressant in animals with simple psychopharmacological tests? 218 84

The management of third cranial nerve palsy is surgical. The usual technique is to correct alignment of the eyes in the first stage, followed by ptosis correction by a sling operation in the second stage. A new single-stage surgical technique involved the disinsertion of superior oblique muscle to bring the eye in a midline position. Simultaneously it is used extraorbitally as a sling to raise the ptotic upper eyelid. Postoperatively a fairly good cosmetic effect was achieved, but the upper eyelid showed a paradoxic aberrant elevation on eso-depression.
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PMID:Extraorbital use of a disinserted superior oblique as a sling in third nerve palsy: a new single-stage surgical technique. 224 88

Rats injected intravenously with monoclonal antibodies reactive with brain acetylcholinesterase (AChE) developed a prolonged depression of plasma AChE without changes in butyrylcholinesterase, lactic acid dehydrogenase, or hematocrit. One antibody, ZR1, accumulated in the brain and spinal cord. Within 3 days of injection, ZR1 bound to most of the AChE in cerebral cortex and certain other regions of the CNS. Examination of the molecular forms of cortical 10S AChE, whereas 4S AChE remained free. In vitro, however, ZR1 bound equally to solubilized 4S and 10S forms. These data provide direct evidence for the compartmentalization of different AChE forms in the CNS, 10S being mainly extracellular and 4S apparently intracellular. Development of a striking and persistent bilateral ptosis within hours of injection suggests that AChE in the autonomic nervous system is also accessible to antibodies and, furthermore, is the site of an immunopathological lesion. This novel model of cholinergic autoimmunity may have relevance for human neurological disorders of unknown etiology.
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PMID:Selective complexing of acetylcholinesterase in brain by intravenously administered monoclonal antibody. 229 14

Suprasellar germ cell tumors were identified in five young adult to middle-aged dogs. Clinical signs included depression, mydriasis, ptosis and visual deficit. At necropsy large extramedullary masses were found on the ventral surface of the rostral brain stem. Histologically four were characterized by sheets and nests of moderately pleomorphic round cells resembling seminoma, admixed with larger vacuolated cells, glandular formations with secretory material, and occasional foci of squamous differentiation. The fifth case was more homogeneous, with germinomatous elements predominating. Immunohistochemical examination of three tumors revealed positive staining for alpha fetoprotein. Although only one case showed intracranial metastasis, these tumors were considered malignant due to the marked local invasion and destruction. The veterinary literature is reviewed, and we propose that two tumors previously reported as craniopharyngioma be reclassified as germ cell tumors. One other tumor previously reported as an unclassified suprasellar tumor was identified, which also demonstrated features of a germ cell tumor.
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PMID:Suprasellar germ cell tumors in the dog: a report of five cases and review of the literature. 245 54

Monitoring neuromuscular transmission provides valuable information to the anesthesiologist. The acquisition of relevant data contributes to a more predictable and rational approach to the use of muscle relaxants and assures improved patient care during and in the immediate postoperative period. Clinical noninvasive criteria such as the presence or absence of diplopia and or ptosis, the ability to open the eyes widely, protrude the tongue or swallow, measurement of hand grip strength or head lift or assessment of the vital capacity are limited to awake and cooperative patients. Measurement of inspiratory force and tidal volume can be evaluated in anesthetized patients breathing spontaneously. Central depressant drugs tend to depress these respiratory parameters. Accordingly, the assumption that relaxants are responsible for respiratory depression at the end of an anesthetic can only be documented when impairment of neuromuscular transmission can be demonstrated. The most reliable method of measuring neuromuscular function is to stimulate an accessible peripheral motor nerve and measurement of the evoked response of the skeletal muscle or muscles innervated by the stimulated motor nerve. The evoked muscle response depends on the pattern of motor nerve stimulation: Single twitch stimuli at a defined frequency, tetanic stimulation, posttetanic single twitch stimulation or train-of-four stimulation. The response to these different modes of stimulation can be assessed either mechanically (evoked tension response) or electrically (evoked electromyography: EMG or integrated EMG). These response criteria can be employed either individually or combined to evaluate the response to muscle relaxants and to assess the adequacy of recovery from neuromuscular blockade.
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PMID:Monitoring of neuromuscular function. 282 Nov 37

In eighty patients 15 micrograms kg-1 of vecuronium was given 3 minutes before induction of anesthesia and 50 micrograms kg-1 was given at the time of induction. The trachea was intubated 60 seconds after the second dose. A wide spread of twitch depression was found. The 80 patients were divided into 4 groups retrospectively with respect to the degree of neuromuscular blockade during intubation. Tracheal intubation was performed when the mean twitch depression was 48.8 +/- 11.8 (SD)% and the conditions were satisfactory in 89% of the cases. Intubating conditions were different significantly between the four sub-groups (p less than 0.01). Ptosis occurred in 77 patients, diplopia in 13 patients and dyspnea in 2 patients between the first injection of vecuronium and induction of anesthesia. The administration of vecuronium in divided doses gives satisfactory intubating conditions in the majority of the patients, but close observation between the priming dose and the induction of anesthesia is mandatory. The method is not considered suitable for obese and is probably not indicated in severely ill patients.
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PMID:Pretreatment technique for fast intubation with vecuronium: intubation conditions and unwanted effects. 287 58

The present studies examine some of the pharmacological effects of delta-9 (11)-tetrahydrocannabinol (delta 9-11-THC), an analog of delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (delta 9-THC). In tests with mice, delta 9-11-THC was similar to but less potent than delta 9-THC in producing hypothermia, analgesia, lethality and in reducing spontaneous activity. In dogs delta 9-THC but not delta 9-11-THC produced classical cannabimimetic signs including static ataxia, hyperreflexia, prancing and tail-tuck. delta 9-11-THC did produce central nervous system depression in 9 of the 15 dogs tested but the effects were not dose-related and appeared earlier and dissipated faster than the depressive effects induced by delta 9-THC. delta 9-THC but not delta 9-11-THC produced signs of ptosis, sedation and ataxia in rhesus monkeys. delta 9-THC also suppressed operant responding completely in four of four monkeys tested whereas in one monkey delta 9-11-THC did not do so up to doses as high as 5.0 mg/kg and was 8 to 100 times less potent in doing so in the other monkeys. When monkeys were pretreated with delta 9-11-THC the doses of delta 9-THC required to produce ptosis, sedation, ataxia and operant suppression were increased. However, when mice and dogs were pretreated with delta 9-11-THC the effects of delta 9-THC were not attenuated and usually were enhanced. The pharmacological profile of delta 9-11-THC is unusual in that it seems to have cannabimimetic activity in mice, noncannabimimetic-like effects in dogs and is perhaps devoid of cannabimimetic effects in rhesus monkeys. In addition, pretreatment with delta 9-11-THC attenuates the cannabimimetic effects of delta 9-THC in rhesus monkeys but not in mice or dogs.
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PMID:Studies on the agonistic activity of delta 9-11-tetrahydrocannabinol in mice, dogs and rhesus monkeys and its interactions with delta 9-tetrahydrocannabinol. 303 18


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