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Query: UMLS:C0011570 (depression)
 172,036 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Data is reviewed on premenstrual symptoms which have been related to high suicide and accident rates, employment absentee rates, poor academic performance and acute psychiatric problems. A recent study of healthy young women indicated that 39% had troublesome premenstrual symptoms, 54% passed clots in their menses, 70% had cyclical localized acneiform eruptions and only 17% failed to experience menstrual pain. Common menstrual disorders are classified as either dysmenorrhea or the premenstrual syndrome. Symptoms for the latter usually begin 2-12 days prior to menstruation and include nervous tension, irritability, anxiety, depression, bloated breasts and abdomen, swollen fingers and legs, headaches, dizziness, occasional hypersomia, excessive thirst and appetite. Some women may display an increased susceptibility to migraine, vasomotor rhinitis, asthma, urticaria and epilepsy. Symptoms are usually relieved with the onset of menses. While a definitive etiological theory remains to be substantiated, symptomatic relief has been reported with salt and water restriction and simple diuretics used 7 to 10 days premenstrually. Diazapam or chlordiazepoxide treatment is recommended before oral contraceptive therapy. The premenstrual syndrome may persist after menopause, is unaffected by parity, and sufferers score highly on neuroticism tests. Primary or spasmodic dysmenorrhea occurs in young women, tends to decline with age and parity and has no correlation with premenstrual symptoms or neuroticism. Spasmodic or colicky pain begins and is most severe on the first day of menstruation and may continue for 2-3 days. Treatment of dysmenorrhea with psychotropic drugs or narcotics is discouraged due to the risk of dependence and abuse. Temporary relief for disabling pain may be obtained with oral contraceptives containing synthetic estrogen and progestogen but the inherent risks should be acknowledged. Both disorders have been correlated to menstrual irregularity. Amenorrhea in many women may be precipitated by simple psychological events such as leaving home, while severely stressful events produce a higher incidence. Unless a physiological factor such as malnutrition is operating, menses usually recur spontaneously within a few months. Amenorrhea is a constant feature of anorexia nervosa and may precede related attitudes toward eating and body weight. This syndrome is best regarded as a chronic and often severe neurotic disorder requiring combined physiological and psychological treatment, although some evidence exists to indicate an endocrine disorder. Extensive basic research is needed on the complex relationship between the neuroendocrine system and emotion.
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PMID:Premenstrual symptoms. 473 36

Many of the features of the premenstrual syndrome are similar to the effects produced by the injection of prolactin. Some women with the premenstrual syndrome have elevated prolactin levels, but in most the prolactin concentrations are normal. It is possible that women with the syndrome are abnormally sensitive to normal amounts of prolactin. There is evidence that prostaglandin E1, derived from dietary essential fatty acids, is able to attenuate the biologic actions of prolactin and that in the absence of prostaglandin E1 prolactin has exaggerated effects. Attempts were made, therefore, to treat women who had the premenstrual syndrome with gamma-linolenic acid, an essential fatty acid precursor of prostaglandin E1. Gamma-linolenic acid is found in human, but not cows', milk and in evening primrose oil, the preparation used in these studies. Three double-blind, placebo-controlled studies, one large open study on women who had failed other kinds of therapy for the premenstrual syndrome and one large open study on new patients all demonstrated that evening primrose oil is a highly effective treatment for the depression and irritability, the breast pain and tenderness, and the fluid retention associated with the premenstrual syndrome. Nutrients known to increase the conversion of essential fatty acids to prostaglandin E1 include magnesium, pyridoxine, zinc, niacin and ascorbic acid. The clinical success obtained with some of these nutrients may in part relate to their effects on essential fatty acid metabolism.
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PMID:The role of essential fatty acids and prostaglandins in the premenstrual syndrome. 635 May 79

The premenstrual syndrome (PMS) is a complex of symptoms that usually occurs seven to ten days before menses in large numbers of women. These symptoms typically cease during the 24 hours after the onset of menses. PMS affects many areas of the body, with each afflicted woman having her personal set of symptoms. Frequently encountered signs and symptoms include breast tenderness and swelling, weight gain, headache, abdominal cramping and bloating, food cravings, thirst, nausea, joint pain, acne, dizziness, hyperalgesia and one or more psychologic symptoms: irritability, lethargy and fatigue, depression, anxiety, hostility and aggression. Theories relating PMS to hormonal imbalance, vitamin deficiency or psychosomatic aberration have failed to explain this condition fully. Treatments using hormones, vitamins, oral contraceptives or diuretics have failed to relieve all the symptoms of PMS. The prostaglandin (PG) theory proposes that these nearly ubiquitous substances, produced in pathophysiologic amounts in brain, breast, gastrointestinal tract, kidney and reproductive tract, can trigger many of the PMS symptoms. If that is true, then a PG inhibitor could counteract excessive PG production and successfully control those PMS symptoms related to prostaglandin excess or imbalance. Therapy based upon this theory can proceed to the use of PG inhibitors in conservative steps. First, permanent deletion of xanthine-containing beverages (coffee, tea, cola and chocolate) from the diet can reduce nervousness, irritability and breast tenderness. Luteal phase salt restriction, with a mild diuretic used if necessary the last week before menses, adds to this effect. For the 20-25% of women who need more help, either a PG inhibitor or natural progesterone (to oppose the action of PGs), given when PMS begins, brings relief. In women with depressive PMS complaints, small daily doses of an antidepressant may prove helpful.
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PMID:The use of prostaglandin inhibitors for the premenstrual syndrome. 635 May 80

This is a survey of 14 placebo-controlled studies regarding the treatment of premenstrual symptoms with bromocriptine. There is no substantial support that bromocriptine is an effective drug in the premenstrual syndrome as an entity. Symptoms such as irritability, depression, and anxiety were not significantly improved during treatment with bromocriptine compared to placebo treatment. Bromocriptine appears to be the treatment of choice in premenstrual mastodynia if the dosage of bromocriptine is at least 5 mg daily. Bromocriptine may therefore have a place in selected cases of the premenstrual syndrome with associated mastodynia.
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PMID:Bromocriptine and premenstrual symptoms: a survey of double blind trials. 635 78

For prospective longitudinal confirmation of menstrually related mood changes, the authors selected a 100-mm visual analogue scale for twice-daily self-rating of mood. The advantages of this method are simplicity; increased compliance; ease of graphic presentation, allowing evaluation of severity and relationship to menstruation; and greater uniformity among studies of menstrually related syndromes. In a preliminary application of this measure to 20 women with self-diagnosed premenstrual syndrome, eight (40%) had a mean depression rating during the week before menstruation that was 30% higher than during the week after cessation of menstruation.
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PMID:Prospective assessment of menstrually related mood disorders. 653 62

The effects of progesterone on the central nervous system and target organs are described along with its role in reproductive functions. The literature relating to mood and behavioral changes associated with progesterone, progestins, and oral contraceptives (OCs) is summarized and reviewed, and the role of progesterone in the phenomena described is examined. The role of progesterone and the progestins in producing mood and behavioral change is still essentially unknown. On the basis of available data the following is postulated: progestins are a likely causal factor in the depression and loss of libido assoicated with OCs. A falling level of progesterone is a possible causal factor in the premenstrual syndrome and in postpartum disorders. It plays a limited or no role in mood and behavioral changes associated with menarche, menopause, and involutional melancholia. The mechanism of action to account for decreased sexual behavior, depression, and fatigue is highly speculative. It may be a combination of progesterone's sedative effects, decreases in monoamine levels, and depressive action on cerebral metabolism. The mechanism to account for decreases in anxiety, irritability, negative affect, and increased activation is also speculative. Its mood-stabilizing action may be a combination of its anticonvulsant effect, depression of neuronal arousal level, and inhibition of stimuli, originating in the hypothalamus and reticular formation, which are going to the cortex. Most women using OCs for their contraceptive properties can expect minimal change in mood and sexual behavior. It is unknown whether OCs cause depression, but interpretation of the data in the literature does not support such an association. For women who have experienced severe premenstrual tension in the absence of other psychiatric illness, OCs may prove useful. The choice of OC would depend on the presence/absence of a history of premenstrual irritability. For women with psychoses with premenstrual exacerbation, OCs may have a place as a part of a regimen including lithium and/or antipsychotic medications. Needed at this time are carefully controlled experiments with progesterone and other hormones in humans, on a prospective basis, over a long period of time, with correlations with neurophysiological and endocrinological measures and employing crossover and double-blind techniques.
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PMID:Psychiatric complications of progesterone and oral contraceptives. 703 75

The symptomatology of the premenstrual syndrome is frequently seen in general and gynecological practice. The aim of this study was to examine the therapeutical effect of dydrogesterone (Duphaston) on the typical premenstrual complaints as depression, headache, edema, mastodynia, dysmenorrhea and bleeding irregularities. Oral administration of 20 mg dydrogesterone b.i.d. during the second half of the menstrual cycle could well relieve the complaints mentioned above. Best results of treatment were obtained in cases of dysmenorrhea, bleeding irregularities, depression and edema. In our patients mastodynia was not influenced by dydrogesterone-therapy. As shown by basal body temperature and progesterone in plasma the menstrual cycles remained ovulatory under therapy. The treatment with dydrogesterone was tolerated well in general, blood pressure and body weight were not altered significantly. The majority of patients wished to continue the treatment beyond the period of this study.
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PMID:[Treatment of the premenstrual syndrome with a retroprogesterone (Duphaston)]. 718 74

Discussion focused on the use of hormone therapy for treating tension and depression experienced by women at various times during their life cycle. Teenagers frequently experience mood changes and discomfort during the early menstrual years. Most of these problems gradually disappear without treatment. In cases of severe dysmenorrhea, conventional estrogen and progestogen pills can be administered. Many women experience tension or depression during pregnancy. These feelings are usually induced by ambivalent feelings toward the pregnancy, concern about the pregnancy outcome, or fear of labor. Reassurance is the only therapy needed by most of these women. Neurotic puerperal reactions are rare but when they occur they are usually mild and disappear quickly. Prostaglandins are sometimes used to treat puerperal psychosis but prompt psychiatric care is probably more effective. About 10% of all females suffer from premenstrual syndrome. Dydrogesterone is effective in treating about 70% of these cases. Pyridoxine relieves symptoms in about 50% of these patients. Many women experience postmenopausal depression. Depression at that time can be induced by physiological changes; however, women during that stage of life may also be suffering from externally induced depression. If the depression has a physiological basis, estrogen replacement therapy is usually helpful. About 6% of the women who use oral contraceptives experience depression. These symptoms are sometimes relieved by administering pyridoxine or by taking a weak progestogen during the last week of pill taking.
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PMID:Tension and depression in women--the place of hormone therapy. 719 99

Five specific personality traits (emotivity, acceptance of sexual role, parental aptness, anxiety and depression) have been analyzed for this study of the premenstrual syndrome (PMS), conducted on a group of 110 women in advanced (8th month) pregnancy. The comparison of the results from the personality tests and from the overall assessment of the PMS (82%) establishes definite correlations between the syndrome's intensity and the tendency toward a pathologic personality. A further correlation of each personality trait and of the PMS shows that the greater deviation from normalcy affects not only those women who suffer from a severe PMS, but also those who complain of no premenstrual symptoms at all. Such a finding (as shown in the results of a separate previous study by our group) allows to conclude that a psychological normalcy or balance finds its equivalent in an absence, but more often in a scarce presence of premenstrual complaints, while an absolute absence or a very marked intensity of these complaints should correspond to the more extreme degrees of personality disturbance.
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PMID:Premenstrual syndrome and personality traits: a study on 110 pregnant patients. 719 92

Previous work has indicated a genetic contribution to premenstrual symptom reporting, regularity and menarche but no genetic contribution to cycle length, and no consistent genetic contribution to premenstrual symptom reporting. This paper reports the results (n = 634) of multivariate genetic analysis in which premenstrual symptom reporting is included in a general personality factor along with extroversion (E), neuroticism (N) and depression (D). The results showed that N, E, D and PMS all fitted on a common personality factor. There was no evidence for a specific genetic contribution of depression or premenstrual symptom reporting over and above those shown in the common personality factor. There were, however, unique/specific environmental contributions for PMS. For E and N, in contrast, both unique genetic and environmental contributions were apparent.
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PMID:Genetic and environmental factors in premenstrual symptom reporting and its relationship to depression and a general neuroticism trait. 756 77


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