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Query: UMLS:C0011570 (depression)
 172,036 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Cortical spreading depression (SD) was induced by applying 25% KCl to the frontal cerebral cortex in female rats under continuous ether anesthesia. Three weeks previously the animals had been subjected to sham operation, bilateral surgical "deefferentation" of the amygdala or transection of the dorsal columns of the fornix. During the week prior to experiment the rats were made "pseudopregnant" by treatment with PMS and hCG. Plasma prolactin was measured by radioimmunoassay in blood samples obtained from the peripheral circulation at 20 min intervals. After two control samples had been taken, KCl was applied to the cortex and sampling continued for another 100 min; In the sham-operated group prolactin levels increased with time following the application of KCl. Fornix-cut animals showed a similar, although briefer, increase with values significantly lower than those found in sham-operated animals at 80 min. The increase in plasma prolactin observed in sham-operated and fornix groups was completely abolished in amygdala-cut animals. These results indicate that limbic structures play a significant role in the mechanisms by which cortical SD elevates plasma prolactin levels under the present experimental conditions.
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PMID:Limbic system involvement in the increase in plasma prolactin following cortical spreading depression in gonadotropin-treated female rats. 109 5

Copper IUDs, oral contraceptives, "morning-after' pills and injectables are discussed in general in this review. Small IUDs are less effective, but better tolerated. An exception is the Dalkon shield, which is no longer manufactured because several women died from latent infections when they became pregnant. The Copper T IUD is tolerated much better than the Copper 7, and has only a 3% failure rate. Copper Ts must be replaced every 2 years, however, and are difficult to remove. A beneficial effect of IUDs is cure of uterine adhesions; a subjective side effect if discomfort reported by husbands. Strict contraindications or oral contraceptives are history of cholostatic jaundice of pregnancy, thromboembolism, essential hypertension, tension, diabetes, gynecologic cancer and pregnancy. Relative contraindications are hyperthyroidism, hyperlipidemia, and depression. Depressions occuring soon after starting pills may be due to unconscious rejection; those appearing later may be due to the progestagen itself. The subjective sequelae of pills are more likely in maternal women, women raised to feel guilty for using contraception, women susceptible to believing sensational media reports about pills, and women dominated by their husband's views. Pills are beneficial for essential dysmenorrhea, menstrual irregularity, premenstrual syndrome, depression, frigidity due to fear of pregnancy, uterine hypotrophy, ovarian cyst, certain ovarian dystrophies such as Stein Levinthan syndrome, menopausal symptoms, acne and hirsutism. The morning after pill, 5 mg ethinyl estradiol for 3 consecutive days, is indicated only in exceptional cases such as rape. Injectables are more suitable for those who desire long-term contraception and whose who want no more children. A lower cancer rate has been reported for users of depot progestagens than for women notu sing contraception.
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PMID:[Subjective and objective aspects of modern methods of contraception]. 114 75

Female rats rendered "pseudopregnant" by treatment with PMS and hCG and ovariectomized rats injected with estradiol and progesterone (OVX-E2-P) were subjected to cortical spreading depression (SD). Within 7-10 min under ether anesthesia in a stereotaxic instrument a frontal craniotomy was performed and a cotton ball saturated with physiological saline (control) or 25% KCl was applied to the exposed dura, covered with dental cement and skin sutured. The animals were then placed in separate containers in an isolated room and decapitated for collection of trunk blood at 0, 15, 30, or 60 min after surgery. In PMS-hCH saline-treated control animals, prolactin levels had dropped by 15 and 30 min when compared with the zero-time values but by 60 min had increased significantly above the 30-min level. At that time (60 min), prolactin values in the KCl group were significantly lower than in the controls. Corticosterone levels were high at both 15 and 60 min in control and KCl groups. In OVX-E2-P control animals, plasma prolactin levels also rose at 60 min compared with 15- and 30-min samples and at 60 min were significantly higher than in the KCl group. In control animals, LH levels were lower at 15 and 60 min than at zero time, but they remained unchanged in the KCl group. The dato are interpreted as indicating that cortical SD suppresses the stress responses observed in saline-treated control animals.
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PMID:Effects of spreading depression on stress-induced changes in plasma prolactin and LH. 118 96

The correlation between a premenstrual syndrome based on emotional symptoms and primary affective disorder was prospectively studied in 105 college freshmen. Students with premenstrual symptoms were twice as likely as controls to have a history of a serious depressive episodes and twice as likely to have a close family member with depression. Seven percent of women with premenstrual emotional symptoms and none of the controls had an affective episode during the ensuing year. The premenstrual syndrome did not interfere with academic performance and was not associated with any lowering of professional aspirations. The inconsistent results of past research on the relationship between depressive disorder and premenstrual symptoms may have been the consequence of differing definitions in different studies. The final answer on this possible association may result from using a clear definition of premenstrual symptoms based on emotional difficulties and a well defined research oriented criteria for the diagnoses of affective disorder.
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PMID:Premenstrual symptoms and depression in a university population. 123 86

The efficacy of bromocriptine (Bromergon, Lek) was studied in a group of 21 women with premenstrual syndrome (PMS). To qualify for inclusion, the patients had to have a score of 20 or more on Casper's Analog Self-Rating Scale for Premenstrual Tension Syndrome completed during the last premenstrual week. The study was designed as a double-blind, randomized, cross-over trial introduced by a wash-out cycle. Patients received Bromergon in a daily dose of 5 mg from cycle day 10 to the onset of menstruation for two consecutive menstrual cycles, followed by two placebo cycles or vice versa. The subjects were instructed to complete the scale every three days from cycle day 3 to the onset of menstruation. A statistically significant improvement due to the administration of Bromergon was observed in symptoms associated with overreactiveness to normal prolactin levels, i.e. abdominal tension, edema, weight gain and breast tenderness. Scores on the linear analog scale and physician's assessments differed regarding psychological symptoms. The investigators observed no difference in the presence of psychic symptoms in the treatment-free period, on Bromergon therapy and during the administration of placebo. On the other hand, self-rating scores reflected an improvement in the presence of depression and irritability during Bromergon treatment. The results obtained suggest that Bromergon may be a useful agent for the treatment of somatic symptoms associated with PMS, while it seems somewhat less effective in PMS cases where psychic symptoms are the major complaint.
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PMID:Bromocriptine (Bromergon, Lek) in the management of premenstrual syndrome. 129 45

Seventy-three women with a prospectively confirmed diagnosis of Premenstrual Syndrome (PMS) were compared to 50 routine gynaecological care non-PMS controls on measures of social climate/environmental stress. Tests administered included the Family Environment Scale (FES), Work Environment Scale (WES), Spielberger State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI), and the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI). The PMS group scored significantly higher on amount of conflict in their families as well as on emphasis on ethical and religious values but lower on direct emotional expressiveness within the family, intellectual-cultural orientation, and active-recreational orientation as compared to controls. Furthermore, the PMS group perceived having more work pressure, less autonomy on the job, and less variety in their work than controls. Overall, psychological distress was not associated with increased environmental stress either in the PMS or control groups.
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PMID:Perception of family and work environments in women with premenstrual syndrome. 143 69

Depressed mood is a salient feature of Premenstrual Syndrome (PMS). Fourteen women with prospectively documented PMS and ten without PMS completed the short form of the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) and the Zung Self-Rating Scale for Depression (Zung-D) during the follicular and late luteal phases of two consecutive menstrual cycles. The short form of the BDI assesses the more cognitive symptoms of depression, while the Zung-D identifies primarily vegetative symptoms. The short form of the BDI was sensitive to cyclic changes in the PMS women, while the Zung-D was not. The BDI items uniquely endorsed by the PMS women during the late luteal phase were pessimism, sense of failure, dissatisfaction, guilt, self-dislike, and indecision. The premenstrual dysphoria experienced by PMS women thus appears to be more cognitive than vegetative in nature. Finally, differential utility of standardized mood measures to detect premenstrual depression is suggested. The BDI proved to be the more sensitive measure.
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PMID:Psychological aspects of premenstrual syndrome. II: Utility of standardized measures. 143 44

The diagnosis of PMS depends on the identification of a core symptom complex, including behavioral symptoms of either irritability, accompanied by an internal state of anxiety or depression, and fatigue. (Fatigue is the most common symptom of PMS.) At least one core physical symptoms, bloating of the abdomen or extremities, breast tenderness, and headache also is required to establish the diagnosis. Although these core symptoms are required, none is pathognomonic for the disorder and the timing of the symptoms with respect to the menstrual cycle also must be established. This can only be done accurately using valid and reliable prospective recording instruments, such as COPE. Personality factors, the degree of psychosocial stress faced by the woman, and biochemical markers have little utility in establishing the diagnosis. The literature with respect to the prevalence of PMS in the population, effective treatments for the disorder, and the diagnosis of the disease must be interpreted by recognizing the inclusion in these studies of women with comorbid psychiatric disease, invalid and unreliable symptom inventories, and inadequate characterization of menstrual cycle phases. There are sociologic reasons why the true prevalence and treatment response to interventions may not be seen by the clinician. Nonetheless, the availability of effective treatment for the disorder necessitates accurate diagnosis of the syndrome based on the strict criteria presented. Additional research founded on the development of psychoneuroendocrine models is likely to provide insight into both the pathophysiology and treatment alternatives for PMS.
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PMID:Issues in the diagnosis and research of premenstrual syndrome. 152 87

Hormones are partial determinants of certain sexually dimorphic behaviors and interact with psychosocial, environmental, and other physiologic factors. The part played by sex hormones in the direct control of overt human behavior is, compared with that found in lower animals, slight and less readily definable. In humans, these hormones, although necessary for maintenance of libido and sexual behavior, seem to control the intensity of such behavior rather than its direction. In most women of reproductive age, the different phases of the menstrual cycle are not associated with major physical or psychologic discomfort. Some women actually report positive changes during the premenstrual period. Only 5-10% of women in this age group have changes in mood, sleep, eating habits, level of energy, and physical symptoms that appear to be linked temporally to the late-luteal phase of the cycle. It is plausible to assume that women with LLPDD are vulnerable to the menstrual cycle as a Zeitgeber. In these women, a cascade of events triggered originally along the HPG axis brings about the shift from an existing vulnerability to the actual manifestations of LLPDD and other forms of female-specific mood disorders. The degree of vulnerability becomes apparent at puberty when girls are exposed to increasing estrogenic influences. Particularly vulnerable times are the periods that mark shifts in the reproductive stages (menarche, the premenstruum, puerperium, and menopause), periods associated with major hormonal turmoil and psychosocial stresses. A conditioning-sensitization model has been described to explain the longitudinal course of affective disorders, and it also has been proposed for PMS. According to this model, even low levels of psychosocial stress are capable of triggering episodes of dysphoria in vulnerable previously sensitized subjects. LLPDD is associated strongly with a lifetime diagnosis of major depression, and the concurrent comorbidity in these women is also high. Future epidemiologic studies on depression should consider the effects of female-specific Zeitgeber on mood disorders in the populations studied.
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PMID:Female-specific mood disorders. 152 88

Buserelin, a luteinizing hormone releasing hormone agonist was administered nasally in doses of 900 micrograms daily to inhibit the ovarian cycle. Of 16 patients recruited, ten completed the treatment. Daily symptoms were measured on the Visual Analogue Scale and Trigg's trend analysis utilized for the analysis. The peak severity of symptoms (ESAmax) and the maximum global scores (Gmax) reduced on buserelin treatment. The minimum global scores (Gmin) and the minimum score for each symptom (ESAmin) increased, suggesting worsening of underlying symptoms. The difference between ESAmax and ESAmin (ESAdelta) and Gmax and Gmin (Gdelta) were calculated to determine the degree of symptom change. The delta scores for symptoms of depression, bloatedness and breast symptoms, and Gdelta were significantly reduced (p less than 0.05) on buserelin, whilst the latter significantly worsened in the follow-up months. Side-effects may limit the place of buserelin in the long-term treatment of premenstrual syndrome, although combination of additional hormonal treatment may facilitate long-term treatment.
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PMID:Buserelin in premenstrual syndrome. 158 Jan 69


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