Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0011570 (depression)
 172,036 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Some chronic diseases have a favourable course and are cured spontaneously. Allergic diseases such as eczema, hay fever and asthma have a good outcome in more than 75% of cases within 7 to 25 years, depending on the kind of allergy. Migraines have also a good evolution in children and after menopause. Many symptoms due to menstruation such as dysmenorrhea, premenstrual syndrome or anemia, disappear after menopause as well as diseases due to estrogens such as uterine leiomyoma, endometriosis and prolactinoma. The risk of epilepsy relapse after a first seizure is about 40% after 2 years. The risk is lower in children. Attention deficit disorder affects 3 to 5% of children but is present in only 30% of them in adult age. The prevalence of depression decreases in women between 30 and 60 years of age. Functional somatic syndromes such as fibromyalgia, irritable bowel syndrome or dyspepsia decrease in 2/3 of cases within 5 to 10 years if there is no history of anxio-depressive symptoms. However, prognosis is reserved when initial symptoms are severe or if they are connected to sexual abuse, domestic violence or depression. Other diseases have a spontaneous favourable course such as myopia, idiopathic infertility, polycystic ovary disease or ventricular arrhythmia. The knowledge of a good prognosis enables to avoid unnecessary treatments and to reassure many patients.
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PMID:[The benefits of aging. I. Patience and cure: spontaneous beneficial course of certain diseases]. 1172 11

Congenital adrenal hyperplasia describes a group of inherited autosomal recessive disorders characterized by an enzymatic defect in cortisol biosynthesis, compensatory increases in corticotropin secretion, and adrenocortical hyperplasia. 21-Hydroxylase deficiency is responsible for more than 95% of cases and is one of the most common known autosomal recessive disorders. The classic or severe type presents in the newborn period or early childhood with virilization and adrenal insufficiency, with or without salt loss; the mild or nonclassic form presents in late childhood or early adulthood with mild hyperandrogenism and is an important cause of masculinization and infertility in women. This wide range of phenotypic expression is mostly explained by genetic variation, although genotype-phenotype discrepancies have been described. Reproductive, metabolic, and other comorbid conditions, including risk for tumors, are currently under investigation in both forms of the disease. A high proportion of patients with adrenal incidentalomas may be homozygous or heterozygous for 21-hydroxylase deficiency. Women with congenital adrenal hyperplasia often develop the polycystic ovary syndrome. Ectopic adrenal rest tissue is often found in the testes of men with congenital adrenal hyperplasia; characteristic clinical and radiologic findings help differentiate this tissue from other tumors. Levels of corticotropin-releasing hormone are elevated in patients with depression and anxiety and are expected to be elevated in patients with congenital adrenal hyperplasia; it is unknown whether patients with 21-hydroxylase deficiency have an increased incidence of these psychiatric disorders. Abnormalities in both the structure and function of the adrenal medulla have been shown in patients with classic congenital adrenal hyperplasia, and the degree of adrenomedullary impairment may be a biomarker of disease severity. The 21-hydroxylase-deficient mouse has provided a useful model with which to examine disease mechanisms and test new therapeutic interventions in classic disease, including gene therapy. Treatment of this condition is intended to reduce excessive corticotropin secretion and replace both glucocorticoids and mineralocorticoids. However, clinical management is often complicated by inadequately treated hyperandrogenism, iatrogenic hypercortisolism, or both. New treatment approaches currently under investigation include combination therapy to block androgen action and inhibit estrogen production, and bilateral adrenalectomy in the most severely affected patients. Other approaches, which are in a preclinical stage of investigation, include treatment with a corticotropin-releasing hormone antagonist and gene therapy.
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PMID:NIH conference. Future directions in the study and management of congenital adrenal hyperplasia due to 21-hydroxylase deficiency. 1184 30

Clinical depression, diagnosed in 5-15% of women during pregnancy, increases the risk of negative pregnancy outcomes including an increased incidence of low birth weight newborns and preterm delivery. Fluoxetine, a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor, is often prescribed to treat depression due to its efficacy, high margin of safety, and mild side effects. However, fluoxetine initially increases plasma serotonin concentration, and serotonin causes uterine vasoconstriction in sheep, which could result in fetal hypoxemia. To assess fetal fluoxetine effects, late-gestation pregnant sheep were surgically prepared for the measurement of blood gases, heart rate, blood pressure, and uterine artery blood flow (n = 29). Ewes received a 70-mg bolus i.v. infusion of fluoxetine over 2 min in 10 mL of sterile water followed by continuous infusion at a rate of 100 microg/min for 8 d (n = 14), or continuous infusion of sterile water (n = 15). Transient decreases in uterine artery blood flow, fetal PO(2), and oxygen saturation were observed within the first 15 min after fluoxetine exposure, which did not return to normal values by 24 h. Fetal pH decreased and PCO(2) increased over the first 4 h with a return to normal by 24 h. However, there were no differences in uterine artery blood flow, blood gas status, or cardiovascular measures between the control and fluoxetine group over the rest of the 8-d infusion period. Thus, fluoxetine exposure during pregnancy has transient effects on fetal status that may be of developmental consequence if they occur repetitively.
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PMID:Effect of maternal fluoxetine administration on uterine blood flow, fetal blood gas status, and growth. 1191 25

Women suffer more often from depression than males, indicating that hormones might be involved in the etiology of this disease. Low as well as high testosterone (T) levels are related to depression and well-being in women, T plasma levels correlate to depression in a parabolic curve: at about 0.4-0.6 ng/ml plasma free T a minimum of depression is detected. Lower levels are related to depression, osteoporosis, declining libido, dyspareunia and an increase in total body fat mass. Androgen levels in women decrease continuously to about 50% before menopause compared to a 20-year-old women. Androgen levels even decline 70% within 24 h when women undergo surgical removal of the ovaries. Conventional oral contraception or HRT cause a decline in androgens because of higher levels of SHBG. Hyperandrogenic states exist, like hirsutism, acne and polycystic ovary syndrome. Social research suggests high androgen levels cause aggressive behavior in men and women and as a consequence may cause depression. Higher androgen values are more pronounced at young ages and before and after delivery of a baby and might be responsible for the "baby blues". It was found that depression in pubertal girls correlated best with an increase in T levels in contrast to the common belief that "environmental factors" during the time of growing up might be responsible for emotional "up and downs". T replacement therapy might be useful in perimenopausal women suffering from hip obesity, also named gynoid obesity. Abdominal obesity in men and women is linked to type 2 diabetes and coronary heart diseases. Testosterone replacement therapy in hypoandrogenic postmenopausal women might not only protect against obesity but also reduce the risk of developing these diseases. Antiandrogenic progestins might be useful for women suffering from hyperandrogenic state in peri- and postmenopause. Individual dosing schemes balancing side effects and beneficial effects are absolutely necessary. Substantial interindividual variability in T plasma values exists, making it difficult to utilize them for diagnostic purposes. Therefore a "four-level-hormone classification scheme" was developed identifying when estradiol (E) and T levels are out of balance. (1) Low E-low T levels are correlated with osteoporosis, depression, and obesity; (2) high E-low T with obesity, decreased libido; (3) high T-low E levels with aggression, depression, increased libido, and substance abuse; (4) high E-high T with type II diabetes risk, breast cancer and cardiovascular risk. Testosterone delivery systems are needed where beneficial and negative effects can be balanced. Any woman diagnosed for osteoporosis should be questioned for symptoms of depression.
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PMID:The impact of testosterone imbalance on depression and women's health. 1195 93

The prevalence of obesity is increasing worldwide. In the United States, in 1999, 27% of adults had a body mass index >30 kg/m(2), almost double the prevalence of 20 years earlier. The estimated mortality from obesity-related diseases in the United States is approximately 300,000 annually and growing. In the future, mortality related to obesity is expected to exceed that of smoking. Numerous diseases are caused or made worse by obesity. These include type 2 diabetes; hypertension; dyslipidemia; ischemic heart disease; stroke; obstructive sleep apnea; asthma; nonalcoholic steatohepatitis; gastroesophageal reflux disease; degenerative joint disease of the back, hips, knees, and feet; infertility and polycystic ovary syndrome; various malignancies; and depression. Type 2 diabetes is perhaps the most visible obesity-related problem. Present in at least 14 million Americans, it leads to serious complications and premature death. It is largely caused by obesity, and is generally cured by weight loss. The quality of life of the obese is markedly reduced, and the costs to health care systems are great. Preventive programs have yet to affect the rising prevalence. An effective solution is needed.
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PMID:The extent of the problem of obesity. 1252 43

The respiratory computer described here makes it possible to obtain more accurate and precise alveolar ventilation-PCO(CO2) response curves than formerly and with fewer man-hours of labor. It is hoped that the ease of obtaining these response curves will lead to their more frequent use in evaluating respiratory phenomena. Clinical applications in evaluating the effects of changes in compliance and airway resistance on respiration are readily apparent. This technique is being used to study the degree of respiratory depression caused by narcotics and anesthetics and to study the effects of stimulating drugs. Respiratory stimulation and depression in a variety of disease states are also being pursued (13).
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PMID:Respiratory carbon dioxide response curve computer. 1379 24

The treatment of epilepsy extends far beyond seizure control. Many comorbidities have a significant impact on the medical management and quality of life of patients with epilepsy. In this review, we examine interactions between epilepsy and some common medical conditions. Psychiatric disorders with a high prevalence in epilepsy include mood disorders, anxiety disorders, and psychosis. Depression is common, psychosis occurs both in direct relation to seizures and interictally, and suicide rates are increased. Changes in sexual function and reduced fertility and marriage rates are described, including a discussion of polycystic ovary syndrome, which is increased in women with epilepsy. The effects of other chronic medical comorbid conditions are reviewed, including the effects of antiepileptic medications on bone health and the impact of renal insufficiency on pharmacological therapy of epilepsy.
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PMID:Medical comorbidities in the treatment of epilepsy. 1452 79

Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a common endocrine disorder characterized by chronic anovulation and hyperandrogenism. PCOS is one of the leading causes of infertility and manifests with hirsutism, acne, and obesity. To investigate its impact on health-related quality of life and sexuality, 50 women with PCOS and 50 controls were evaluated with standardized questionnaires (36-item short-form health survey, symptom checklist revised, and life satisfaction questionnaire). The impact of hirsutism, obesity, and infertility was assessed using five-point rating scales, and sexual satisfaction was analyzed with visual analog scales. Patients showed greater psychological disturbances on the symptom checklist revised dimensions, obsessive-compulsive, interpersonal sensitivity, depression, anxiety, aggression, and psychoticism, along with a lower degree of life satisfaction in the life satisfaction questionnaire scales health, self, and sex. Health-related quality of life measured with the 36-item short-form health survey revealed significantly decreased scores for physical role function, bodily pain, vitality, social function, emotional role function, and mental health in patients with PCOS. Although patients had the same partner status and frequency of sexual intercourse, they were significantly less satisfied with their sex life and found themselves less attractive. Most of the differences were not affected by correction for body weight. In conclusion, PCOS causes a major reduction in the quality of life and severely limits sexual satisfaction.
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PMID:Quality of life, psychosocial well-being, and sexual satisfaction in women with polycystic ovary syndrome. 1467 Nov 72

This article reviews current literature regarding polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) and health-related quality of life (HRQoL), as well as examining how some of the manifestations of PCOS affect HRQoL. The only quantitative study was performed in adolescent girls. It used a well-validated instrument and showed that HRQol was worse in those with PCOS in the areas of general health perceptions, behavior, physical functioning and family activity. No comparable study exists for adults with PCOS. However, qualitative psychological studies have demonstrated higher levels of depression, psychological and psychosexual morbidity and an increased response to stress in women with PCOS compared with controls. Low self-esteem, decreased social activity and less romantic contentment were reported in women with PCOS. Weight and hirsutism consistently caused more concern than menstrual problems or infertility. The symptoms associated with PCOS, namely hirsutism, acne, diabetes mellitus and obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSAS) were all reported to reduce HRQoL in separate studies. Encouragingly, treatment for acne and OSAS improved the HRQoL, although treatment for hirsutism did not. Quantitative studies on the effect of PCOS on HRQoL and the benefit of treatments need to be conducted.
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PMID:The effect of polycystic ovary syndrome on health-related quality of life. 1471 May 85

Evidence that the quality of fetal growth and development has strong and, in widely varying populations, reproducible effects on susceptibility to many common adult human diseases has only been acquired relatively recently. The importance of this largely environmentally determined process in relation to genetic factors remains a topic of great debate. Diseases that have been implicated include cardiovascular disease, hypertension, osteoporosis, schizophrenia, depression, breast cancer, and the polycystic ovary syndrome. This short review focuses on fetal programming of appetite and obesity, coronary artery disease and hypertension, type-2 diabetes, and cancer. The enormous importance of establishing the precise role of environmentally determined poor fetal growth in causing susceptibility to adult disease, usually in combination with adult obesity, (which may itself be a consequence of the same process) is emphasized. Once this is clear, there will be a major opportunity for disease prevention.
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PMID:Fetal growth and adult diseases. 1505 5


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