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Query: UMLS:C0011570 (depression)
 172,036 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Impaired control occupies a focal position in the medical model perspective of pathological gambling and is central to the concept of addictive processes generally. Nonetheless there have been few studies on self-control in gambling behaviour. A questionnaire was developed to measure subjectively assessed self-control in poker machine players. This Self-Control Scale comprised a framework adopted from Cameron (1985) distinguishing between (i) the likelihood of starting a session and continuing a session, and (ii) internal and external determinants. The Scale and a descriptive questionnaire on demographics and actual gambling behaviour was administered to 26 problem gamblers and 40 players of different levels of involvement. The results indicated that the Scale had acceptable internal consistency and validity. The Scale effectively discriminated between problem and non-problem players. The differences on specific items between low-frequency, high-frequency and problem groups were incorporated into a hypothetical developmental progression. Negative emotions such as frustration and depression and the belief in chasing (Lesieur, 1979, 1984) were perceived to be the most significant determinants of impaired control problem gamblers.
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PMID:Gamblers' self-perceptions of the determinants of impaired control. 261 37

The Spielberger State-Trait Anxiety Inventory and the Beck Depression Inventory were administered to 75 pathological gamblers seeking behavioral treatment, to investigate the hypothesis that anxiety and depression were important determinants in the maintenance of gambling behavior. Further, subgroups of "pure" poker-machine and "pure" horse-race gamblers were isolated and compared to determine whether differences existed between groups of individuals who selected different forms of gambling. Although the desire to win money was given as the main reason for participation, need for money played a less significant role in precipitating further gambling. Rather, the concept that pathological gambling is a behavioral stress reaction received some support. As a group pathological gamblers had moderate levels of depression. State or trait anxiety scores were no different from Spielberger's normative sample of neuropsychiatric patients, but were higher than those of college students. No significant differences were found between the poker-machine and horse-race gambling subgroups on age, years gambling, years of uncontrolled gambling, state and trait anxiety, or depression. It was suggested that environmental factors are of importance in determining the form of gambling selected, but differences between these subgroups on other psychological dimensions could not be excluded on the basis of the present study.
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PMID:Anxiety and/or depression in the pathogenesis of addictive gambling. 279 86

In 1972 the Brecksville Unit of the Cleveland Veterans Administration Medical Center began the first inpatient treatment program for pathological gambling in the United States. The 30-day, highly structured gambling treatment program aims for abstinence from gambling, reduction of the urge to gamble, and restoration of a maximum level of social functioning. The authors report the results of a preliminary outcome study of 60 former patients who completed a survey form rating various aspects of their lives one year postdischarge. Fifty-five percent of the respondents reported complete abstinence from gambling since discharge. Chi-square analyses demonstrated significant relationships between abstinence from gambling and improved interpersonal relationships, better financial status, decreased depression, and participation in professional aftercare and Gamblers Anonymous. The authors believe that their initial results support the contention that pathological gambling is a treatable disorder.
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PMID:An outcome study of an inpatient treatment program for pathological gamblers. 647 18

A sample of 23 veterans entering the Pathological Gambling Treatment Program at the Veterans Administration Medical Center in Miami, Florida, were administered a battery of tests including the following: Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS), Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI), Edwards Personal Preference Schedule (EPPS), and the Personal Orientation Inventory (POI). Findings on the intelligence testing indicated that on the average the pathological gamblers were of bright normal intelligence with a mean WAIS Full Scale IQ of 116.78, mean Verbal IQ of 119.30, and a mean Performance IQ of 111.30. Group profile results on the MMPI showed significant mean clinical scale elevations on two of the nine clinical scales: Scale 2, Depression; and Scale 4, Psychopathic Deviate. Group profile results on the EPPS indicated relatively high scores on the variables of achievement, exhibition, autonomy, dominance, and heterosexuality; and relatively low scores on the variables of deference, order, and endurance. Group profile results on the POI were essentially within normal limits with a tendency toward time incompetency noted, suggesting difficulty living fully in the present here and now.
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PMID:Psychological test findings on pathological gamblers in treatment. 664 93

Alexithymia is increased in addictive disorders such as alcoholism, cocaine abuse, and binge eating. Pathological gambling is a form of addictive disorder and may be influenced by alexithymia. We examined the association of alexithymia (Toronto Alexithymia Scale) and pathological gambling (South Oaks Gambling Screen) in 1,147 young adults; 3.1% were classified as pathological gamblers. Alexithymia was found in 31.4% of pathological gamblers, compared to 11.1% of controls; both affective and cognitive aspects of alexithymia were associated with gambling problems. The relationship was independent of depression and physical illness, and was found for both sexes, but only for Caucasians. Alexithymia may be a risk factor for pathological gambling in some populations.
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PMID:Alexithymia and pathological gambling. 762 67

This article focuses on body dysmorphic disorder (BDD), pathological gambling, and sexual compulsions within the realm of obsessive-compulsive spectrum disorders. These three disorders affect sizable numbers of the population, have an early age at onset and chronic courses, and seem to have a preferential response to serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SRIs). They also have a high comorbidity with obsessive-compulsive disorder, depression, and other impulse control disorders. BDD patients lie more toward the compulsive/risk-aversive end of the dimensional model of obsessive-compulsive spectrum disorder and often have poor insight. Pathological gambling patients lie more toward the impulsivity/novelty-seeking end of the OCD spectrum and often have features of inattention. Sexual obsessions and/or compulsions encompass a heterogeneous group of disorders, as exhibited by differential response to SRIs within this group. These three disorders fall within a new and evolving field that requires further investigation and reconceptualization. This concept may have far-reaching consequences and yield more significant treatment outcomes.
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PMID:Body dysmorphic disorder, pathological gambling, and sexual compulsions. 771 66

As a relationship has been reported between pathological gambling and depression, the objective of this study was to explore whether there was a relationship between gambling and depression in a sample of 400 adults. No relationship was found.
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PMID:Epidemiology of gambling and depression in an adult sample. 805 90

This study compared the active gambling behaviors of American Indian adults, living on or near a reservation with those of non-Indian adults adjacent to or within the reservation. Results indicated that a variety of factors including economic status, unemployment, increased alcohol use, depression, historical trauma, and lack of social alternatives may predispose American Indian adults to greater problematic and pathological gambling behaviors. Unlike previous research that placed males at significantly greater risk for gambling problems, this study found that adult American Indian males and females appear to possess equal risk of problematic gambling.
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PMID:Comparative study of problematic gambling behaviors between American Indian and non-Indian adults in a Northern Plains reservation. 893 47

The concept of addiction is now of interest in psychiatry, but is a great subject of controversies. It is now recognized that as different disorders as alcoholism, drug addiction, bulimia, kleptomania, trichotillomania, pathological gambling are to be considered as addictive states. Other pathological behaviours could be included in the addictive spectrum (i.e. suicidal behaviours, compulsive spending). The comorbidity rates of these disorder are elevated in these populations. For example, high comorbidity rates are found between kleptomania and bulimia or drug addiction and pathological gambling. Polyaddictive states are well established. For some subjects, more than one addiction is present in life-time, but not occurring in the same period. We present three patients in whom different addictive states occurred alternately. All the patients had a history of compulsive spending and kleptomania, two of them had a history of bulimia and sexual compulsion. Some clinical characteristics were common: recurrent mood disorder, depression preceeding the addictive state, no psychoactive substance disorder. In all patients, severity of depressive state decreased when addiction appeared. Depressive symptoms varied inversely to addiction severity. The hypothesis about psychopathological links between kleptomania and bulimia on one hand and mood disorders on the other hand has been known for a long time. Kleptomania as other impulsive disorders is, for some authors, understood in the meaning of a "spectrum affective disorder". For these three patients, an antidepressant effect of the behavioural addictions is suggested. In fact, the addictions appeared alternately. The possibility of common psychopathological and/or biological mechanisms for behavioural addiction is supported by these clinical observations, that could contribute to the addiction concept validity.
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PMID:[Alternating addictions: apropos of 3 cases]. 903 85

A number of previous studies have indicated that pathological gambling is often associated with depression. Equally, a number of theoretical models of pathological gambling have included depression as a key variable. Here we report a study of depression in pathological gamblers identified within a random sample of 1,615 adults living in the major cities of Galicia (northwest Spain). Pathological gamblers were identified on DSM-IV diagnostic criteria. Depression was evaluated with the Beck Depression Inventory, subjects being classified 'depressive' if they obtained a score of 18 or more. Of 19 pathological gamblers who completed the Beck Depression Inventory, 21% were depressive; by contrast, only 9% of the other subjects were depressive. The Beck scores of pathological gamblers were positively correlated with the severity of their addiction as indicated by the number of DSM-IV-specified symptoms reported.
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PMID:Pathological gambling and depression. 914 21


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