Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0011570 (depression)
 172,036 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Sleep electroencephalograms (EEGs) of subjects with primary panic disorder were compared to those of normal controls matched for age and sex. Significant differences were found between patients and controls in sleep latency, sleep efficiency, and stage 2 sleep duration. No differences were found between the two groups in REM latency. Because depressed patients are known to have reduced latency to REM sleep, these data add support to the hypothesis that panic disorder and depression are distinct disorders.
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PMID:Electroencephalography during sleep of patients with panic disorder. 252 Oct 85

Secondary depressive symptomatology in 435 subjects with panic disorder and phobic avoidance was studied before and after alprazolam treatment. No subject who had a primary affective disorder was included. Calculation of Hamilton Depression Rating Scale factor scores revealed that the agitation/anxiety, sleep disturbance, and somatization factors accounted for approximately 75% of the HAM-D total score; these all showed significant improvement with alprazolam treatment. There were few differences in dimensions of depressive symptomatology between those subjects with and those without major depression; the main difference was in the overall intensity of the depression.
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PMID:Secondary depression in panic disorder and agoraphobia. II. Dimensions of depressive symptomatology and their response to treatment. 252 51

To evaluate the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis in patients with posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), we measured adrenocorticotropin hormone (ACTH) and cortisol responses following administration of corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) in 8 combat veterans with chronic PTSD. The PTSD patients had a significantly lower ACTH response to CRH compared to a control group of normal volunteers. Blunted ACTH responses occurred in patients with PTSD alone, as well as those PTSD patients who also had major depression. The cortisol response, although reduced, was not significantly different from normal. The blunted ACTH response to CRH in PTSD patients is similar to that seen in other psychiatric disorders, such as depression, panic disorder, and anorexia nervosa.
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PMID:The corticotropin-releasing hormone test in patients with posttraumatic stress disorder. 254 31

Anxiety and depression are commonly occurring symptoms. Anxiety disorders and mood disorders usually share common symptoms and they frequently co-exist. There is a considerable body of research that has demonstrated that anxiety and depression can be distinguished from each other at the syndrome level. There is also evidence that such a distinction is arbitrary and not well substantiated. Clinically, the practitioner is often faced with the problem of treating a patient who presents with anxiety and depressive symptoms at the same time. It is well-established that the first line of treatment in major mood disorder is the used of tricyclic antidepressant in adequate dosage. The first line of treatment for the anxiety disorders is usually the administration of benzodiazepine anxiolytics. The anti-depressants have to be given for some months to the majority of patients whereas the anxiolytics are given for short periods. The tricyclics have a relatively slow onset of action compared to the benzodiazepines. Recent evidence is available about the effectiveness of the triazolo-benzodiazepines in panic disorder with or without secondary major mood disorder. There are also reports of the effects of the triazolo-benzodiazepines in primary mood disorder. In these mood disorders, the benzodiazepines caused rapid relief of both anxious and depressive symptomatology. The effects of the benzodiazepines occur even in the presence of melancholic depression. Where anxiety and depression coexist, the clinician may wish to consider beginning anti-depressant therapy with combined tricyclic antidepressant and benzodiazepine to produce rapid symptom relief. After four weeks the benzodiazepine should be faded out and therapy continued with the tricyclic medication alone.
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PMID:The acute treatment of anxiety and depression. 256 48

45 members of self-help groups for persons with anxiety disorders were interviewed using Structured Clinical Interview of DSM-III-R. 21 interviews were video-recorded and rated by an independent rater. Panic disorder was the most common diagnosis, together with present or past serious depression. We discuss the relation between anxiety disorders and affective disorders. Interrater agreement was high for panic disorder, but not for the diagnoses generalized anxiety disorder and simple phobia. Questions are raised about the clinical validity of generalized anxiety disorder.
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PMID:[Psychiatric diagnoses in self-help groups of the "Only Anxiety" society in Bergen]. 258 23

A naturalistic study with no predetermined duration of treatment was undertaken in order to examine the effectiveness of cognitive therapy in the treatment of panic disorder. Seventeen patients diagnosed as having panic disorder according to the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-III Personality Disorders received a mean of 18 individual cognitive therapy sessions. Patients with personality disorder or depression required a longer duration of treatment to become symptom-free. As measured by a self-report weekly panic log, the mean number of panic attacks was reduced significantly to zero at the end of treatment. There was a concomitant reduction in self-report measures of depression and anxiety. Further, there was a significant reduction on a measure of cognitive dysfunction during panic attacks. Treatment results were maintained at 12-month follow-up.
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PMID:Cognitive therapy of panic disorder. A nonpharmacological alternative. 259 60

In this study, the association and outcome of panic and depression were investigated in an epidemiological cohort of young adults interviewed at age 21, 23, and 28. The prevalence rates of sporadic panic, panic disorder, major depression, and recurrent brief depression were very stable. There was a clear preponderance of females in all diagnoses. Panic and depression overlapped to a large extent cross-sectionally at all 3 interviews, and this overlap increased in a longitudinal perspective. For the analysis of outcome, the subjects were divided into 4 groups according to their diagnosis at the first interview: pure panic, pure depression, mixed panic and depression, and controls. Irrespective of the first diagnosis, the 7-year outcome showed a strong tendency to develop into pure depression or mixed panic and depression at follow-up interviews. In a longitudinal perspective, cases that suffered from both panic and depression appeared more severely ill, as expressed in very high treatment rates and a high rate of lifetime suicide attempts.
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PMID:Outcome of panic and depression in a seven-year follow-up: results of the Zurich study. 261 82

This paper examines the nosological and aetiological relationships of panic disorder to the anxiety states and depression. The phenomenology is detailed from an unbiased sample of 90 cases selected, on the basis of meeting positive criteria for panic disorder, from 3 series of consecutive cases. Panic attacks were found to be only quantitatively distinct from non-panic anxiety. Truly spontaneous attacks, not preceded by anxiety-provoking cognitions, were uncommon. No unique association with agoraphobia was seen, other anxiety states and depression being common. Social phobia and generalized anxiety often preceded the development of panic disorder, as did some cases of agoraphobia. Depression was usually non-specific and secondary when only DSM-III MDE criteria were used. Significant neurotic traits were found, particularly anxiety, dependency and poor sexual adjustment. Panic disorder has multiple causal factors only one of which is a genetic tendency for panic attacks. While important therapeutically, panic attacks should not be given the primary place in diagnosis.
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PMID:The phenomenological study of 90 patients with panic disorder, Part II. 263 56

Three decades of psychiatric practice with tricyclic, tetracyclic, and heterocyclic antidepressants have shown that these drugs are effective not only for major depression, endogenous depression in particular, but also for a range of other disorders. Tricyclic and other antidepressants are now used to treat enuresis and attention-deficit disorders in children, bulimia and anorexia nervosa, panic disorder, posttraumatic stress disorder, obsessive-compulsive disorder, chronic pain, migraine, and peptic ulcer disease. As with some of the antidepressants, the body of literature on the relationship between clinical response in these diseases and plasma or serum levels of the drugs is not complete or well understood, but for some of these disorders, sufficient preliminary serum level data are available to take advantage of therapeutic drug monitoring as an adjunct to treatment. Therapeutic monitoring can be particularly important where studies indicate that successful therapy occurs at blood levels substantially different from those used to treat depression. This paper presents a brief overview of antidepressant treatment of these disorders, focusing on the available pharmacologic data related to serum level measurements and their relation to clinical response.
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PMID:Antidepressant drugs: additional clinical uses. 264 93

Effective antidepressants, including imipramine and monoamine oxidase (MAO) inhibitors, were discovered serendipitously in the 1950s. Many additional agents have been introduced since then, but most are chemically or pharmacologically similar to those known for nearly four decades. Some recently introduced antidepressants offer either lesser or dissimilar side effects, but none exceeds older treatments in efficacy. Selective serotoninpotentiating agents and short-acting MAO-A inhibitors promise efficacy with greater safety. Progress is made difficult because atypical or treatment-resistant patients are more often available for study than typical patients, and because most studies must rely heavily on potentially misleading "standard drug versus new drug" comparisons. Rational development of novel or better agents is slow, in part, due to limited understanding of the biological basis of major affective disorders and some circularity in relating actions of known drugs to pathophysiologic hypotheses. Action mechanisms of antidepressants are subtle and complex: adaptive changes occur in brain monoaminergic neurotransmission following repeated administration of agents of the tricyclic antidepressant (TCA) type that may lead to net facilitation of alpha 1-adrenergic transmission. Important advances have been made in using plasma TCA levels to guide individualization of dosing, in exploring higher doses of antidepressants when ordinary doses prove ineffective, and in recognizing a broadening spectrum of possible indications for antidepressants in adults and children. These indications include panic disorder, obsessive compulsive disorder, attention deficit disorder, and bulimia. Evidence for the prophylactic effects of antidepressants after the first months following recovery from an index episode of major depression is weak, and the treatment of common recurrent or chronic depression remains unsatisfactory. Gains have been made in increasing clinicians' and the general public's awareness of the common occurrence and appropriate treatment of major depression, even when the depression is associated with other medical or psychiatric disorders.
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PMID:Current status of antidepressants: clinical pharmacology and therapy. 250 33


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