Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts:   Target Concepts:
Query: UMLS:C0011570 (depression)
 172,036 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Smoking variables were assessed in female (n = 48) and male (n = 28) French hospitalized depressed smokers. Nicotine dependence, motives for smoking, and emotional situations in which depressed smokers were likely to smoke were compared with those of female (n = 36) and male (n = 60) nondepressed smokers from the general population. Depressed smokers scored higher than controls on nicotine dependence, and on stimulant and sedative smoking; they also reported that they were more likely to smoke in negative emotional situations. Sedative smoking decreased significantly between admission and discharge. Sedative smoking is a strong reason for smoking among depressed smokers regardless of degree of dependence, whereas stimulant smoking is positively correlated with degree of dependence. Nicotine dependence is also significantly correlated with anhedonia, and its relationship to depression is discussed in regard to nicotine action on hedonic systems.
 ...
PMID:Nicotine dependence and motives for smoking in depression. 808 Nov 10

The purpose of this study was to assess the test-retest stability of the Fagerstrom Tolerance Questionnaire (FTQ) in two samples: (a) paid subjects in an American laboratory; data were collected via telephone screen and subsequently via questions embedded in a written history; and (b) smokers hospitalized for depression in Paris; data were collected via a written questionnaire upon admission and again after 3 weeks of treatment for depression. Reliability data are also presented for a recently revised version of the FTQ, the Fagerstrom Test for Nicotine Dependence (FTND), and compared with FTQ data collected in a subsample of subjects in the American database who received both versions of the questionnaire. Both the FTQ (in both samples) and the FTND proved to be highly reliable. The validity of the scales, using cotinine, number of years smoked, and the "addictive" factor on the Classification of Smoking by Motives questionnaire as criterion variables, was also supported. No relationship between FTQ score and severity of depression was detected in either sample. Internal consistency was somewhat higher for the FTND than for the FTQ, replicating previous findings in the literature.
 ...
PMID:Reliability of the Fagerstrom Tolerance Questionnaire and the Fagerstrom Test for Nicotine Dependence. 819 91

The present study was designed to determine whether depressive symptoms are independently associated with smoking and nicotine dependence among cigarette smokers, using 1990-1991 data from the Coronary Artery Risk Development in Young Adults (CARDIA) Study. A total of 3,933 participants (788 black men, 1,090 black women, 974 white men, and 1,081 white women) aged 23-35 years were included. Analyses were stratified by race and sex. Depressive symptoms were measured by means of the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression (CES-D) Scale. Nicotine dependence was defined as smoking one's first cigarette of the day within 30 minutes of awakening. Analysis of covariance was used to control for potential covariates (age, body mass index, alcohol consumption, and education). In unadjusted comparisons, smokers had more depressive symptoms than never smokers in all groups except white men; this relation showed little change after adjustment for age, body mass index, and alcohol consumption. However, after adjustment for education in addition to the above variables, these differences became attenuated and were significant only among white women (adjusted CES-D score difference = 1.9, p < 0.02). When analyses were further stratified by nicotine dependence, dependent smokers had higher CES-D scores than never smokers in all groups. The differences again became attenuated when education was added to the model, and were significant only among black women (adjusted CES-D score difference = 2.3, p < 0.01). These results indicate that although smoking in general and nicotine-dependent smoking in particular are related to symptoms of depression, controlling for educational level attenuates these relations.
 ...
PMID:Smoking, nicotine dependence, and depressive symptoms in the CARDIA Study. Effects of educational status. 900 7

In an attempt to characterize differences among male and female smokers based on past and current alcohol use, we studied patterns of drinking, smoking, caffeine intake, and depression as a function of lifetime history of alcohol dependence and current drinking status in a community sample of current smokers. Subjects were 65 male and 152 female moderate-to-heavy smokers. The CAGE was used to screen for lifetime history of alcohol dependence; current drinking status was classified using self-reported number of alcoholic drinks/week. No significant differences were detected for smoking rate, scores on the Fagerstrom Test for Nicotine Dependence, or either coffee or total caffeine intake. Drinkers with a history of alcohol dependence drank significantly more per week than drinkers with no history, with significant gender differences and interaction effects emerging as well; the phenomenon was particularly pronounced in men. Drinkers of both genders with a history of alcohol dependence scored significantly higher on the Center for Epidemiological Studies-Depression scale, with means exceeding the cutoff of 16 associated with clinical depression. Since comorbidity of depression and alcohol dependence is known to exert a detrimental effect on ability to stop smoking, the number of individuals at risk for smoking cessation treatment failure may be much larger than might be inferred from data based on psychiatric assessments or collected in inpatient settings. Routine screening for depressive symptomatology combined with heavy alcohol use in primary care settings may therefore be helpful in identifying smokers in need of more intensive stop-smoking interventions.
 ...
PMID:Self-reported alcohol use patterns in a sample of male and female heavy smokers. 924 36

The purpose of this paper is to review the sociodemographic, clinical, and psychological characteristics suggested as being predictors of difficulty with smoking cessation in patients with coronary artery disease. These characteristics include age, gender, socioeconomic status, social support, intensity of smoking, severity of coronary artery disease, anxiety, depression, hostility/anger/aggression, and health locus of control. In addition, nicotine addiction is discussed as a factor which may further compound this problem. Consideration of these factors in relation to the patient with coronary artery disease may assist in the delivery of an optimal and individualized intervention program to facilitate sustained smoking cessation. A brief overview of intervention strategies is provided.
 ...
PMID:Factors influencing smoking cessation in patients with coronary artery disease. 942 1

Recent research suggests that people who become smokers may be more sensitive to the positive effects of nicotine upon initial exposure than those who do not take up smoking. The present study was designed to extend these findings to a sample of college-age women never-smokers and light smokers. Subjects were asked to rate pleasurable and displeasurable sensations upon first smoking and to indicate the presence or absence of pleasurable rush or buzz, relaxation, dizziness, nausea, and cough. Pleasurable sensations were marginally greater in smokers; pleasurable rush or buzz and dizziness were significantly more likely to be reported by smokers. Relaxation, displeasurable sensations, nausea, and cough did not differ significantly between groups. Fagerstrom Test for Nicotine Dependence scores significantly predicted pleasurable but not displeasurable sensations; Center for Epidemiological Studies-Depression scores predicted neither. These findings lend further support to the following conclusions: (1) people who become cigarette smokers experience more pleasurable sensations upon initial exposure to tobacco than their never-smoking counterparts; and (2) unpleasant reactions to the first cigarette do not protect against subsequent smoking.
 ...
PMID:Initial exposure to nicotine in college-age women smokers and never-smokers: a replication and extension. 1050 78

The neurobiology of nicotine addiction is reviewed within the context of neurobiological and behavioral theories postulated for other drugs of abuse. The roles of various neurotransmitter systems, including acetylcholine, dopamine, serotonin, glutamate, gamma-aminobutyric acid, and opioid peptides in acute nicotine reinforcement and withdrawal from chronic administration are examined followed by a discussion of potential neuroadaptations within these neurochemical systems that may lead to the development of nicotine dependence. The link between nicotine administration, depression and schizophrenia are also discussed. Finally, a theoretical model of the neurobiological mechanisms underlying acute nicotine withdrawal and protracted abstinence involves alterations within dopaminergic, serotonergic, and stress systems that are hypothesized to contribute to the negative affective state associated with nicotine abstinence.
 ...
PMID:Neural mechanisms underlying nicotine addiction: acute positive reinforcement and withdrawal. 1107 38

Relapse is a major problem with nicotine addiction. This study investigated the long-term abstinence rate and effectiveness of a five-day residential nicotine treatment program. Questionnaires were mailed to all clients who completed the program between 1991 and 1996. 47% of the questionnaires were returned. Of these, 65% of respondents reported being abstinent from nicotine for an average period of 120 weeks. Of this group, 15% reported at least one relapse before a sustained abstinence. The primary relapse triggers for both the abstinent and nonabstinent groups were coping with "strong emotional feelings". Over 50% of the sample was comorbid for other addictions, depression or anxiety disorders.
 ...
PMID:Brief residential treatment for nicotine addiction: a five-year follow-up study. 1172 59

In 1986 we began The Netherlands Twin Register (NTR) by recruiting young twins and multiples a few weeks or months after birth. Currently we register around 50% of all newborn multiples in The Netherlands. Their parents receive a questionnaire at registration and afterwards when the children are 2, 3, 5, 7, 10 and 12 years of age. Teachers are asked to rate the behavior of the children at ages 7, 10 and 12 years. Adolescent and young-adult twins were recruited through City Councils in the early 1990s. These twins, their parents and siblings participate in longitudinal survey studies that include items about health, fertility, lifestyle, addiction, personality and psychopathology, religion, socioeconomic status, and educational attainment. The total number of twins and multiples registered with the NTR is currently over 60,000. Subgroups of twins and siblings take part in studies of cognitive development, brain function and neuropsychological indices of attention processes, and molecular genetic studies of classical and behavioral cardiovascular risk factors. DNA samples are currently collected in selected twin families for two large linkage studies, which aim to find QTLs for anxious depression and for nicotine addiction. Sisters who are mothers of DZ twins contribute DNA samples for a linkage study of DZ twinning. Large cohorts of phenotyped family members from the general population are very valuable for genetic epidemiological studies and permit selection of informative families for gene finding studies.
 ...
PMID:Netherlands Twin Register: a focus on longitudinal research. 1253 67

Motivational factors and initial stages of change (precontemplation vs. contemplation) were investigated among incarcerated male smokers forced to quit smoking due to a statewide smoking ban. All smokers completed a baseline questionnaire, which assessed smoking history, nicotine dependence [Fagerstrom Test for Nicotine Dependence (FTND)], nicotine withdrawal [Hughes-Hatsukami Withdrawal Scale (HHWS)], and depression [Center for Epidemiological Studies on Depression (CES-D)]. These measures were given again 4 days (Time 2) and 1 month (Time 3) following the smoking ban. At baseline (n=314), 31.2% of smokers were contemplating quitting within 6 months (contemplators), while the majority of smokers (68.8%) indicated they had not considered quitting (precontemplators). Contemplators at Time 2 reported more success with quitting smoking than precontemplators, although this was no longer significant by Time 3. Logistic regression was used to determine the probability of determining initial stages of change based on demographic and smoking history variables. Smokers in precontemplation scored higher on the FTND, reported less agreement with the smoking policy at baseline, reported more difficulty with their previous quit attempts, and reported increased smoking in anticipation of the smoking ban. The risk of being a precontemplator was over twice as high for smokers who reported increasing the amount they smoked prior to the smoking ban (odds ratio=2.42). Overall, this model correctly classified 70.7% of the smokers. This suggests that initial stages of change plays an important role in eventual quitting even in environments in which smoking has been recently prohibited.
 ...
PMID:Motivational factors related to quitting smoking among prisoners during a smoking ban. 1283 52


1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Next >>