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 172,036 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Hydration numbers of calcium ions are determined from extensive measurements of colligative properties of water solutions of calcium salts. The hydration numbers reported refer to the average number of water molecules that are bound sufficiently strongly to calcium ions so as to be removed from the solvent and become part of the solute. Contrary to common descriptions of deviations from ideal behavior for concentrated solutions, ideal behavior is demonstrated when mole fractions are calculated by taking account of such bound water. Measurements over wide concentration and temperature ranges are used to obtain the effect of temperature on the average hydration number of Ca(2+). Freezing point depression measurements yield a hydration number of 12.0 +/- 0.8. Boiling point elevations yield 6.7 +/- 0.6. Consistent with this, vapor pressure measurements from 0 to 200 degrees C show a gradual decrease in hydration number with increasing temperature, with a value of 5.0 at 200 degrees C.
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PMID:Aqueous solutions of calcium ions: hydration numbers and the effect of temperature. 1685 71

Many dermatologic diseases, including vitiligo and other pigmentary disorders, vascular malformations, acne, and disfiguring scars from surgery or trauma, can be distressing to pediatric patients and can cause psychological alterations such as depression, loss of self-esteem, deterioration of quality of life, emotional distress, and, in some cases, body dysmorphic disorder. Corrective camouflage can help cover cutaneous unaesthetic disorders using a variety of water-resistant and light to very opaque products that provide effective and natural coverage. These products also can serve as concealers during medical treatment or after surgical procedures before healing is complete. Between May 2001 and July 2003. corrective camouflage was used on 15 children and adolescents (age range, 7-16 years; mean age, 14 years). The majority of patients were girls. Six patients had acne vulgaris; 4 had vitiligo; 2 had Becker nevus; and 1 each had striae distensae, allergic contact dermatitis. and postsurgical scarring. Parents of all patients were satisfied with the cosmetic cover results. We consider corrective makeup to be a well-received and valid adjunctive therapy for use during traditional long-term treatment and as a therapeutic alternative in patients in whom conventional therapy is ineffective.
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PMID:Corrective camouflage in pediatric dermatology. 1738 10

We have explored the changes in the phase stability, orientational order, and dynamics of the nematic 4-cyano-4'-n-pentylbiphenyl (5CB) doped with either the trans or the cis form of different p-azobenzene derivatives using the ESR spin-probe technique. In particular, we have studied the effects induced by each of the seven nonmesogenic 4-R-phenylazobenzenes (R = H, F, Br, CH3, CF3, On-Bu, Ot-Bu) at 1% and 7% mole fraction on the order parameter <P2> and on the shift of the nematic-isotropic transition temperature (TNI), as reported by a nitroxide spin probe, and we have tried to relate them to the solute shape and charge distribution. In all the cases the presence of the azo-derivative causes a depression of T(NI), more pronounced for the cis isomers. The dependence of <P2> on the reduced temperature T* = T/T(NI) remains the same as that of pure 5CB in all trans-doped samples at 1% and 7% and decreases only slightly in the cis at 1%. However, we observe different and in some cases large variations (up to 25%) in <P2> for the cis at 7%, showing solute effects that go beyond the shift in T(NI). Surprisingly enough, even at the highest concentration, the probe dynamics appears to be essentially independent of the nature, the configuration, and the concentration of the different solutes and very similar to that observed in the pure 5CB.
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PMID:Expected and unexpected behavior of the orientational order and dynamics induced by azobenzene solutes in a nematic. 1738 93

Acetone and cyclopentane make a minimum boiling homogeneous binary azeotrope with mole ratio 2:3. Some characteristic vibrational modes, as well as (1)H NMR signals change due to the azeotrope formation. The extend of interaction of these molecules causes significant changes on some vibrational modes involved and (1)H NMR signals show some changes on their position. In this work the FTIR and (1)H NMR spectra of pure acetone, pure cyclopentane and corresponding azeotrope were recorded, mutual influences resulting from azeotrope formation have been analyzed, and spectral changes has been discussed. The unit-structure of cluster have been deduced, based on mole ratio, boiling point depression of constituents, and comparison between the spectra obtained by FTIR and (1)H NMR techniques.
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PMID:Spectra and structure of binary azeotropes V-acetone-cyclopentane. 1752 57

Acetone and cyclohexane make a binary azeotrope with mole ratio 3:1. Some characteristic vibrational modes of acetone and cyclohexane change due to the azeotrope formation. The extend of interaction of these molecules causes significant changes on vibrational modes involved, and (1)H NMR signals show some changes on their position. FTIR and (1)H NMR spectra of pure substances and corresponding azeotrope were recorded, mutual influences resulting from azeotrope formation have been analyzed, spectral changes have been discussed. The unit-structure of cluster were deduced based on mole ratio, boiling point depression of constituents and comparison between spectra obtained by FTIR and (1)H NMR techniques.
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PMID:Spectra and structure of binary azeotropes IV. Acetone-cyclohexane. 1764 69

Inbreeding is typically detrimental to fitness. However, some animal populations are reported to inbreed without incurring inbreeding depression, ostensibly due to past "purging" of deleterious alleles. Challenging this is the position that purging can, at best, only adapt a population to a particular environment; novel selective regimes will always uncover additional inbreeding load. We consider this in a prominent test case: the eusocial naked mole-rat (Heterocephalus glaber), one of the most inbred of all free-living mammals. We investigated factors affecting mortality in a population of naked mole-rats struck by a spontaneous, lethal coronavirus outbreak. In a multivariate model, inbreeding coefficient strongly predicted mortality, with closely inbred mole-rats (F> or = 0.25) over 300% more likely to die than their outbred counterparts. We demonstrate that, contrary to common assertions, strong inbreeding depression is evident in this species. Our results suggest that loss of genetic diversity through inbreeding may render populations vulnerable to local extinction from emerging infectious diseases even when other inbreeding depression symptoms are absent.
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PMID:Viral epizootic reveals inbreeding depression in a habitually inbreeding mammal. 1776 96

Possession of firearms is limited because of the technological requirements in production and strict laws. However, anyone can manufacture a handmade firearm by following simple instructions and has no legal liability. A mole gun is an unusual weapon used to kill moles in agricultural areas. It propels pellets in a similar way as a shotgun. This study presents three cases of death caused by mole guns. Two of the cases were accidental, and the other case was suicidal. The first case involved a 51-year-old man who was checking the mole gun when it fired, injuring his left eye and the left region of his face. He died in the hospital after 3 days of medical treatment. The second case was a 78-year-old man, who had been intermittently treated for depression over the last 15 years. He died instantly after placing the mole gun vertically against his head and firing it. The third case was a 43-year-old man who had been trying to set up a mole gun device in his potato field when the weapon accidentally discharged. The victim was injured seriously and died in the hospital a short time later. In conclusion, because the mole gun may cause lethal wounds in humans when fired from a short distance, the researchers believe that its production and use should be in accordance with firearms laws.
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PMID:Deaths caused by mole guns: three case reports. 1797 31

The knowledge of the solubility of PEG 1500 as well as the swelling and melting point variation in supercritical CO(2) in a relatively high-pressure range is a necessary prerequisite to set-up pharmaceutical processes dealing with the polymer in the molten state. Experiments carried out in a pressurized view cell indicated that the PEG 1500 progressively decreases its melting point and increases its volume as a consequence of the absorption of the CO(2). The melting point depression was pronounced (from 46 to 28 degrees C) up to 8.7 MPa. Thereafter a constant value was attained. Analogously, under CO(2) the polymer increased its volume (about 34%) until 10 MPa; after this pressure, the polymer volume no longer increased. PEG 1500 showed solubility in SC-CO(2) at 35 and 55 degrees C in the 10-40 MPa range in the order of 10(-6)mole fraction. An empirical model based on solubility parameters was used to fit the experimental data and to predict the maximum concentration achievable by the polymer in the dense gas, as well as to quantify the polymer concentration at low pressures where the experimental determination may be extremely difficult.
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PMID:Swelling, melting point reduction and solubility of PEG 1500 in supercritical CO2. 1829 90

Measurement of the melting-point depression of impure samples was compared with a differential method that involved running the impure sample against a pure sample of the same material. Samples of highly purified benzophenone to which had been added known quantities of 4-methylbenzophenone were studied. The area under the curve was proportional to the difference in purity between the sample and reference material over the range studied, 0.3-2.0 mole % with a standard deviation of 0.10 mole %, an uncertainty only half as large as one obtained by the melting-point depression method with the same apparatus.
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PMID:Purity determinations by differential thermal analysis. 1896 Jan 5

The article shows results of FT-IR and (1)H NMR study for azeotrope diethyl amine-acetone. Changes in chemical shifts and vibrational frequencies for pure diethyl amine, pure acetone and their azeotrope were obtained. The unit-structure of cluster has been suggested on the basis of mole ratio, boiling point depression for azeotrope of diethyl amine and acetone, and comparison between the spectra obtained by FT-IR and (1)H NMR techniques.
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PMID:Structure investigations of binary azeotrope of diethyl amine-acetone by FT-IR and (1)H NMR spectroscopy. 1907 Oct 55


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