Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts:   Target Concepts:
Query: UMLS:C0011570 (depression)
 172,036 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

A 10-year review of sleep electroencephalogram (EEG)-frequency analysis in depression reveals several consistent microarchitectural abnormalities. Decreased delta amplitude or incidence, particularly in the first 100 min of sleep, has been reported. Elevated fast-frequency EEG has been shown in both remitted and symptomatic depressed patients, especially in the right hemisphere. Further, interhemispheric coherence is reduced in both depressed groups. These microarchitectural features may not be present in narcolepsy, obsessive-compulsive disorders, or schizophrenia, despite similarities in sleep-stage characteristics. Collectively, these findings suggest that computer analysis of the sleep EEG may differentiate depressed patients from normal controls and from other clinical populations.
 ...
PMID:Microarchitectural findings in sleep EEG in depression: diagnostic implications. 771 82

In an investigation of 2 closely related Miniature Horses with a history of excessive sleepiness, depression and episodes of collapse, a diagnosis of narcolepsy was made on the basis of neurological examination and pharmacological testing. Further investigations included electroencephalographic examination (EEG), and analysis of protein content, cell count and monoamine metabolite concentrations of lumbosacral cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). There were no abnormalities noted in the EEGs, and no consistent changes in CSF neurotransmitter metabolites in the narcoleptic horses when compared with 3 normal, unrelated Miniature Horses and 2 related, clinically unaffected animals. The breeding background of the 2 affected horses was investigated and a limited survey of Miniature Horse breeders in North America was conducted. These investigations have shown that narcolepsy is a rare but distinct syndrome in the Miniature Horse, and that the cases described here appear to represent a familial occurrence of the disease.
 ...
PMID:Familial occurrence of narcolepsy in miniature horses. 827 92

Obstructive sleep apnea syndrome may be just an annoyance to an affected person's bed partner, or it can be a more serious and even dangerous condition for the person involved. One clue to the condition is daytime somnolence, although not all sleepy patients have the syndrome. If obstructive sleep apnea syndrome is confirmed by a polysomnogram, a trial of nasal continuous positive airway pressure (NCPAP) is warranted. If daytime somnolence is unaffected, then it is unlikely that the syndrome is the sole cause of the patient's sleepiness. Alternative diagnoses (eg, narcolepsy, atypical depression) should then be considered. Surgery, orthodontic devices, and pharmacotherapy are generally less effective than NCPAP and are usually reserved for patients who cannot tolerate NCPAP. Surgical techniques may be best suited for patients who have clearly defined craniofacial abnormalities and those who cannot tolerate NCPAP. Weight reduction to near ideal body weight and avoidance of benzodiazepines, opiates, and alcohol should be emphasized in all patients with suspected or confirmed sleep apnea.
 ...
PMID:Obstructive sleep apnea. Treatment improves quality of life--and may prevent death. 830 56

Vigilance has been defined as steady-state alertness-wakefulness. The right cerebral hemisphere, predominantly the right inferior parietal lobule and posterior parietal cortices, seems specialized for vigilance. Studies of the primary disorder of vigilance, a genetically determined condition, should provide a better understanding of the neurobiology of vigilance. Common causes of secondary hypovigilance (depression, learning disability, narcolepsy, and acquired focal right cerebral hemisphere brain lesions) explain the symptom complex of ADHD. If these specific entities producing hypovigilance are correctly identified, treatment is successful and with favorable outcome. The neuroanatomic substrate of lowered vigilance seems to be loss of modulating influence of the right cerebral hemisphere on the diencephalon and select brain stem nuclei. We propose that the right (more than the left) cerebral hemisphere is responsible for alertness and wakefulness (vigilance) with the reticular formation being accountable for sleep.
 ...
PMID:Vigilance and its disorders. 844 74

1. Rapid-eye movement (REM) sleep is a complex behavioral state characterized by desynchronized electroencephalographic (EEG) activity, postural atonia, rapid, saccadic movements of the eyes, and vivid dreaming. 2. A recently developed class of drugs, the inverse agonist beta-carboline-3-carboxylates, elicits a number of effects similar to the properties of REM sleep, such as desynchronized cortical EEG and penile erections. 3. The hypothesis is put forth that an endogenous beta-carboline-3-carboxylate exists which may initiate many aspects of REM sleep. 4. Clinical relevance of this hypothesis is discussed with regard to REM anxiety dreams, night terrors, narcolepsy, and depression.
 ...
PMID:Possible involvement of an endogenous benzodiazepine receptor ligand of the inverse agonist type in the regulation of rapid-eye movement (REM) sleep: an hypothesis. 886 Nov 75

There is a general tendency to restrict the notion of sleep disorders to insomnia and consequently to limit treatment to the prescription of hypnotics. However, it is very often of benefit to prescribe psychotropic agents, in particular antidepressants, not only in insomnia but also in certain cases of hypersomnia, parasomnia and dysomnia associated with organic diseases. In some conditions, however, antidepressants may either induce or aggravate sleep disorders. This is the case with a number of psychostimulants that occasionally induce insomnia. It is also true of the tricyclic antidepressants, which may worsen or even induce a restlessleg syndrome that is often associated with periodic movement syndrome. On the other hand, the antidepressants may play a therapeutic role in certain sleep disorders : - depression-related insomnia is of course the << primary >> indication for antidepressants. Furthermore, certain antidepressants exhibit a sedative action resulting in a hypnogenic-type effect which appears well before the antidepressant effect; - the other types of insomnia may also often be treated with antidepressants : not acute reactional insomnia, against which hypnotics are remarkably effective, but chronic insomnia. In addition, all antidepressants may eventually correct depressive hypersomnia, but in these cases, it is evidently preferable to prescribe non-sedative drugs. Although some tricyclic antidepressants have been proposed for use in hypersomnia due to sleep apnea, their therapeutic interest is minor compared with mechanical and surgical treatment. In contrast, antidepressants play an important role in the treatment of narcolepsy, particularly for the correction of attacks of cataplexy. Antidepressants have also been used for some time in the treatment of parasomnia related to slow deep sleep (night terrors and sleepwalking), but the antidepressants may also be used in enuresis and in parasomnia related to REM sleep : nightmares, sleep paralysis, behavioral problems associated with REM sleep. Antidepressant (mainly serotoninergic drugs) are often used in the treatment of fibrolitis syndrome. Finally, antidepressants (particularly the serotoninergic antidepressants) play an important role in the drug treatment of fibromyalgia.
 ...
PMID:[Use of antidepressants in sleep disorders: practical considerations]. 892 78

This article reviews the results of clinical studies with Deprenyl in various neurologic and psychiatric disorders except Parkinson's disease. Promising results could be observed both in narcolepsy in a dose of at least 20 mg/day in three different trials and in one study of Tourette's syndrome including attention hyperactivity disorders using an average dosis of 8.1 mg/ day. Controversial results were reported for Alzheimer's disease. On the one hand significant improvement of cognitive functions was found by various authors. On the other hand in a more recent study no effect on the progression of the disease could be observed. For depression a higher dosage of deprenyl between 30 to 60 mg/day appears to be necessary for effective treatment. No positive results were found in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and in tardive dyskinesias.
 ...
PMID:The clinical potential of Deprenyl in neurologic and psychiatric disorders. 898 64

These clinical guidelines, which have been reviewed and approved by the Board of Directors of the American Sleep Disorders Association, provide recommendations for the practice of sleep medicine in North America regarding the indications for polysomnography in the diagnosis of sleep disorders. Diagnostic categories that are considered include the following: sleep-related breathing disorders; neuromuscular disorders and sleep-related symptoms; chronic lung disease; narcolepsy; parasomnias; sleep-related epilepsy; restless legs syndrome; periodic limb movement disorder; depression with insomnia; and circadian rhythm sleep disorders. Whenever possible, conclusions are based on evidence from review of the literature. Where scientific data are absent, insufficient, or inconclusive, recommendations are based on consensus of opinion. The Standards of Practice Committee of the American Sleep Disorders Association appointed a task force to review the topic, the indications for polysomnography and related procedures. Based on the review and on consultation with specialists, the subsequent recommendations were developed by the Standards of Practice Committee and approved by the Board of Directors of the American Sleep Disorders Association. Polysomnography is routinely indicated for the diagnosis of sleep-related breathing disorders; for continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) titration in patients with sleep-related breathing disorders; for documenting the presence of obstructive sleep apnea in patients prior to laser-assisted uvulopalatopharyngoplasty; for the assessment of treatment results in some cases; with a multiple sleep latency test in the evaluation of suspected narcolepsy; in evaluating sleep-related behaviors that are violent or otherwise potentially injurious to the patient or others; and in certain atypical or unusual parasomnias. Polysomnography may be indicated in patients with neuromuscular disorders and sleep-related symptoms; to assist in with the diagnosis of paroxysmal arousals or other sleep disruptions thought to be seizure-related; in a presumed parasomnia or sleep-related epilepsy that does not respond to conventional therapy; or when there is a strong clinical suspicion of periodic limb movement disorder. Polysomnography is not routinely indicated to diagnose chronic lung disease; in cases of typical, uncomplicated, and noninjurious parasomnias when the diagnosis is clearly delineated; for patients with epilepsy who have no specific complaints consistent with a sleep disorder; to diagnose or treat restless legs syndrome; for the diagnosis of circadian rhythm sleep disorders; or to establish a diagnosis of depression.
 ...
PMID:Practice parameters for the indications for polysomnography and related procedures. Polysomnography Task Force, American Sleep Disorders Association Standards of Practice Committee. 930 25

Shortened REM latency and increased REM density are frequently observed in both narcolepsy and depression, suggesting a common mechanism of REM sleep disinhibition in these disorders. We compared night sleep recordings of 24 depressive and 24 narcoleptic patients. The amount of REM sleep and REM density did not differ between the patient groups; however, REM latency distributions differed significantly. Whereas in narcoleptic patients REM episodes started either immediately at sleep onset or following at least 60 min of non-REM sleep, in depressives two thirds of REM latencies were in the range from 1 to 60 min. In narcoleptic patients, short as compared to long REM latencies were associated with longer total sleep time, greater sleep efficiency, reduced amounts of wakefulness, and increased amounts of slow-wave sleep. In depressive subjects the reverse pattern was seen. We conclude that a common mechanism of REM sleep disinhibition in narcolepsy and depression is very unlikely.
 ...
PMID:REM sleep disinhibition at sleep onset: a comparison between narcolepsy and depression. 932 65

The pedunculopontine (PPN) region of the upper brainstem is recognized as a critical modulator of activated behavioral states such as wakefulness and rapid eye movement (REM) sleep. The expression of REM sleep-related physiology (e.g. thalamocortical arousal, ponto-geniculate-occipital (PGO) waves, and atonia) depends upon a subpopulation of PPN neurons that release acetylcholine (ACh) to act upon muscarinic receptors (mAChRs). Serotonin's potent hyperpolarization of cholinergic PPN neurons is central to present working models of REM sleep control. A growing body of experimental evidence and clinical experience suggests that the responsiveness of the PPN region, and thereby modulation of REM sleep, involves closely adjacent glutamatergic neurons and alternate afferent neurotransmitters. Although many of these afferents are yet to be defined, dopamine-sensitive GABAergic pathways exiting the main output nuclei of the basal ganglia and adjacent forebrain nuclei appear to be the most conspicuous and the most likely to be clinically relevant. These GABAergic pathways are ideally sited to modulate the physiologic hallmarks of REM sleep differentially (e.g. atonia versus cortical activation), because each originates from a functionally unique forebrain circuit and terminates in a unique pattern upon brain stem neurons with unique membrane characteristics. Evidence is reviewed that changes in the quality, timing, and quantity of REM sleep that characterize narcolepsy, REM sleep behavior disorder, and neurodegenerative and affective disorders (depression and schizophrenia) reflect 1) changes in responsiveness of cells in the PPN region governed by these afferents; 2) increase or decrease in PPN cell number; or 3) mAChRs mediating increased responsiveness to ACh derived from the PPN. Auditory evoked potentials and acoustic startle responses provide means independent from recording sleep to assess pathophysiologies affecting the PPN and its connections and thereby complement investigations of their role in affecting daytime functions (e.g. arousal and attention).
 ...
PMID:Contributions of the pedunculopontine region to normal and altered REM sleep. 970 83


<< Previous 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Next >>