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Objective: Problematic internet use is an important social problem among adolescents and has become a global health issue. This study identified predictors and patterns of problematic internet use among adult students. Method: In this study, 401 students were recruited using stratified sampling technique. Participants were selected among students from 4 universities in Tehran and Karaj, Iran, during 2016 and 2017. Internet Addiction Test (IAT), Millon Clinical Multiaxial Inventory - Third Edition (MCMI-III), Structured Clinical Interview for DSM (SCID-I), and semi-structured interview were used to diagnose internet addiction. Then, the association between main psychiatric disorders and internet addiction was surveyed. Data were analyzed using SPSS18 software by performing descriptive statistics and multiple logistic regression analysis methods. P- Values less than 0.05 were considered statistically significant. Results: After controlling the demographic variables, it was found that narcissistic personality disorder, obsessive- compulsive personality disorder, anxiety, bipolar disorders, depression, and phobia could increase the odds ratio (OR) of internet addiction by 2.1, 1.1, 2.6, 1.1, 2.2 and 2.5-folds, respectively (p-value<0.05), however, other psychiatric or personality disorders did not have a significant effect on the equation. Conclusion: The findings of this study revealed that some mental disorders affect internet addiction. Considering the sensitivity and importance of the cyberspace, it is necessary to evaluate mental disorders that correlate with internet addiction.
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PMID:Psychological Factors Including Demographic Features, Mental Illnesses, and Personality Disorders as Predictors in Internet Addiction Disorder. 2999 55

Extraversion shows both negative and positive associations with psychopathology. Previous work in this area has focused largely on either a broad higher order extraversion domain score or on specific lower-order extraversion facets. The goal of this study was to explicate how two intermediate aspects of the trait-communal extraversion and agentic extraversion-relate to psychopathology. We examined these relations using the Communal Extraversion (e.g., enjoy spending time with people, would describe myself as cheerful, like places that are crowded and exciting) and Agentic Extraversion (e.g., speak my mind, take charge in a group of people, like the sensation of going really fast) scales from the Faceted Inventory of the Five-Factor Model (FI-FFM; Watson, Nus, & Wu, 2019). As expected, Communal Extraversion generally showed negative associations with psychopathology; it had particularly strong links to indicators of internalizing, including depression symptoms (correlations generally ranged from -.40 to -.60) and various forms of social dysfunction (most correlations ranged from -.35 to -.60). In marked contrast, Agentic Extraversion tended to have positive associations with psychopathology; it displayed particularly substantial links to indicators of mania, narcissism/narcissistic personality disorder, and traits related to externalizing (correlations generally ranged from .25 to .50). Regression results demonstrated that aspect-level analyses generated substantial increases in predictive power over the FI-FFM Extraversion domain score. This basic pattern of results replicated over time, across gender, and across both self-rated and interview-based indicators of psychopathology. These findings establish the value of examining relations with extraversion at the aspect level. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2019 APA, all rights reserved).
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PMID:Aspects of extraversion and their associations with psychopathology. 3141 31

Background: Depressive symptoms often occur in patients with personality disorders. Along the lines of the precious concepts of reactive and melancholic forms of depression, two different patterns of depressive symptoms can be identified. Reactive forms of depression is considered to be related to dysfunction of emotional regulation and social functioning, and to personality disorders. This study aimed at exploring the pattern of depressive symptoms in patients with Narcissistic Personality Disorder (NPD) compared to a group of depressed patients without Personality Disorder (PD). The Newcastle Diagnostic Depression Scale (NDDS) is a clinical instrument designed to differentiate reactive depression from melancholic depression. Method: The study investigated patterns of depressive symptoms in 117 out-patients, divided into two groups. One group containing 56 patients with depressive symptoms by no PD and the other group comprised of 61 patients with depressive symptoms and NPD. The participants were interviewed using the Newcastle Diagnostic Depression Scale. Results: There was a significant difference between the groups, as the NPD group suffered from reactive forms of depression. The NPD group showed a pattern of depressive symptoms characterized by fluctuation of the depressive state, without time demarcation of depressive episode, ruminations preoccupied with hostility and accusatory feelings towards other, but not self-accusatory feelings, fluctuation suicidal ideation triggered by external events accompanied by parasuicidal behavior, lack of neuro-vegetative symptoms such as insomnia with early wakening, loss of appetite and weight loss. The No PD group showed the opposite pattern. Conclusion: Based on these results NDDS is considered to be an applicable instrument for identifying personality pathology in patients with depressive symptoms, by recognizing the specific pattern. This is thought to be important for adequate treatment planning.
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PMID:Characterological depression in patients with narcissistic personality disorder. 3151 47

In this report, we present a case of a 16,9-year-old patient with multiple substance use disorder (cannabis, MDMA, cocaine, ecstacy), severe depression, social phobia and narcissistic personality disorder.We administered Cannabidiol (CBD) capsules in different dosages (starting dosage 100 mg up to 600 mg over 8 weeks) after unsuccessful treatment with antidepressants.CBD was a safe and well tolerated medication for this patient. Upon treatment with CBD and cessation of the antidepressant medication, the patient improved regarding depressive as well as anxiety symptoms including simple phobias and symptoms of paranoia and dissociation. Furthermore, the patient quit abusing illegal drugs including THC without showing withdrawal symptoms. This is the first report of CBD medication in a patient with multiple substance use disorder with a positive outcome.Until today it is not clear if CBD holds promise as a therapeutic option in substance use disorder as RCTs are lacking, but in this single case the substance seems to work in various domains.
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PMID:Cannabidiol treatment in an adolescent with multiple substance abuse, social anxiety and depression. 3205 21

Depressive symptoms are known to co-occur in patients with narcissistic personality disorder (NPD). From a psychodynamic perspective, perfectionism, shame, and aggression are regarded as prominent in depressed patients. The authors investigated the occurrence of perfectionism, shame, and aggression in patients with NPD, and whether shame is a mediating or a moderating factor for aggression. Two groups of patients with depression, 61 diagnosed with NPD and no other personality disorders (PD) were compared with 56 without any PD, using the SCID screening questionnaire and a semistructured interview. All participants were administered the Multidimensional Perfectionism Scale, the Internalized Shame Scale, and the Buss-Perry Aggression Questionnaire. The NPD group showed significantly higher scores for self-oriented and socially prescribed perfectionism, shame, and aggression (i.e., physical, verbal, anger, and hostility). Shame was found to act as a mediating factor, reducing levels of aggression in patients with perfectionistic traits.
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PMID:Perfectionism, Shame, and Aggression in Depressive Patients With Narcissistic Personality Disorder. 3218 81

We examined the validity of self-report measures of narcissism and mania by relating them to interview-based ratings of psychopathology. Narcissism scales were taken from the Narcissistic Personality Inventory (NPI), the Personality Diagnostic Questionnaire-4+, and the Short Dark Triad. Mania measures included the Altman Self-Rated Mania Scale (ASRM) and scales taken from the Hypomanic Personality Scale (HPS) and Expanded Version of the Inventory of Depression and Anxiety Symptoms. Our analyses addressed two key issues. The first issue was whether these scales demonstrated significant criterion validity (e.g., whether the HPS scales correlated significantly with interview ratings of mania). The second issue was whether they displayed specificity to their target constructs (e.g., whether the NPI scales correlated more strongly with ratings of narcissistic personality disorder than with other forms of psychopathology). All of the narcissism scales-including all three NPI subscales-correlated significantly with interview ratings of narcissistic personality disorder and showed considerable evidence of diagnostic specificity. Most of the mania scales also displayed good criterion validity and diagnostic specificity. However, two measures-the ASRM and the HPS Social Vitality subscale-had weak, nonsignificant associations with interview ratings of manic episodes; these findings raise concerns regarding their validity as specific indicators of mania.
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PMID:Examining the Criterion Validity and Diagnostic Specificity of Self-Report Measures of Narcissism and Mania. 3236 99

A feeling of emptiness is commonly encountered in clinical practice, but it is poorly understood, with incongruent approaches to its definition and possible role in various disorders. This review examines the conceptualization of the feeling of emptiness and its place in psychopathology. We found an imbalance between theoretical approaches to this phenomenon and empirical research, and argue that more studies using adequate assessment tools are needed. Based on our literature review, we propose that a feeling of emptiness is a complex, negative emotional state that is experienced in different ways by different individuals. This feeling includes a physical or bodily component, a component of aloneness or social disconnectedness, and a component of a deep sense of personal unfulfillment or lack of purpose. The feeling of emptiness is related to other emotional states (dysphoria, boredom, loneliness, and numbness) and overlaps to some extent with them. Although the feeling of emptiness is most often considered in the context of borderline personality disorder, it is also encountered in depression, narcissistic personality disorder, and schizophrenia spectrum disorders, with its features potentially varying between different conditions. The feeling of emptiness may lead to nonsuicidal self-injury and may also have an important relationship with suicidality. We conclude by offering suggestions for further research, emphasizing a need to refine the multidimensional conceptualization of the feeling of emptiness and to better understand its manifestations and relationships with other emotions within various forms of psychopathology.
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PMID:The Feeling of Emptiness: A Review of a Complex Subjective Experience. 3277 87


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