Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0011570 (depression)
 172,036 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

We reviewed the clinical histories, examinations and results of quantitative vestibular testing in 91 patients with migraine-associated dizziness. Nausea and vomiting, hypersensitivity to motion and postural instability accompanied the dizziness. In the majority of patients, the temporal profile of the dizziness was more typical of the headache phase of migraine than of the aura phase. Nineteen patients (20.9%) had unilateral hypoexcitability to caloric stimulation, which represents a modestly increased risk of damage to the peripheral vestibular apparatus. We propose two separate pathophysiologic mechanisms for the production of dizziness with migraine: Short-duration vertiginous attacks lasting minutes to 2 hours and temporally associated with headache are due to the same mechanism as other aura phenomena (spreading wave of depression and/or transient vasospasm). Longer-duration attacks of vertigo and motion sickness lasting days, with or without headache, result from the release of neuroactive peptides into peripheral and central vestibular structures, causing an increased baseline firing of primary afferent neurons and increased sensitivity to motion.
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PMID:Migraine-associated dizziness. 848 17

This report deals with factors which trigger motion sickness. The author has focused on the clinical examinations applied to motion sickness cases. Relationships between clinical data and susceptibility to motion sickness were investigated. The following results were obtained: 1. CV R-R(coefficient of variation of R-R intervals on EGG)in the frequent motion sickness group showed higher values than in the occasional motion sickness group. This result suggests a hyperfunction of the vagus nerve. 2. In caloric testing with ENG, the motion sickness group showed lower values of duration and eye speed than the occasional motion sickness group. On the other hand, the frequent group showed higher values of laterality in eye speed than the occasional group. 3. With the visual suppression test, the frequent motion sickness group showed higher values than the occasional motion sickness group. On the other hand, there was a significant difference between the frequent motion sickness group and the occasional motion sickness group in terms of laterality of visual suppression values. 4. In testing fluctuation of CV R-R in response to optokinetic stimuli, the frequent motion sickness group showed elevation of CV R-R values after optokinetic load. On the other hand, the occasional motion sickness group showed depression of CV R-R values after the same load. 5. Among clinical examinations designed to diagnose susceptibility to motion sickness, CV R-R, the caloric test, the visual suppression test and OKP testing can produce sufficiently accurate results for clinical investigation.
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PMID:[Clinical study on the mechanism of motion sickness--clinical examination based on trigger factors]. 140 28

We interviewed 70 cancer patients receiving chemotherapy at home before their second treatment session to obtain baseline measures of absorption, autonomic perception, depression, state-trait anxiety, and basic demographic information. Patients were then interviewed before each of their next six treatment sessions, at which time measures of depression, state anxiety, severity and duration of postchemotherapy nausea and/or vomiting (PCNV), and experience of anticipatory nausea and/or vomiting (ANV) were obtained. Previous findings suggesting that motion sickness, trait anxiety, depression, sex of subject, and age are predictors of the development of ANV were not replicated. Patients with ANV did score significantly higher on measures of absorption and autonomic perception than patients who did not develop ANV. Those variables hypothesized to mediate conditioning (i.e., toxicity of treatment drugs, severity of PCNV, levels of state anxiety) accurately predicted which patients developed ANV. Absorption and autonomic perception added significantly to the prediction.
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PMID:A longitudinal study of the development of anticipatory nausea and vomiting in cancer chemotherapy patients: the role of absorption and autonomic perception. 161 72

Recent immunohistochemical studies have shown the distribution of histaminergic neurons in the mammalian brain, which are concentrated in the tuberomammillary nucleus of the posterior hypothalamus and project efferent fibers to almost all parts of the brain from the olfactory bulb to the spinal cord. Histaminergic neurons co-express other neuroactive substances, such as gamma-aminobutyric acid, adenosine, substance P, galanin and Met-enkephalin-Arg-Phe. In addition, pharmacological studies have demonstrated the presence of presynaptic histamine H3-receptors (autoreceptor) in addition to H1- and H2-receptors. The specific agonist (alpha-methylhistamine) and antagonist (thioperamide) of H3-receptors were developed. Results from a number of studies indicate a variety of physiological roles of neuronal histamine such as thermoregulation, feeding behavior, sexual activity, sleep-wakefulness cycle, hormonal regulation and so on. Moreover, histaminergic drugs affect not only the emotional behavior, but also are effective to treat some patients of depression, Parkinson's disease, akathisia, motion sickness and so on. The central histaminergic neuron system is also affected by mental disorders and neuropsychopharmacological drugs. This review especially focused on these points and suggests that the central histaminergic neuron system may play an important role in the regulation of mental functions.
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PMID:[Recent advances in neuropsychopharmacology of the central histaminergic neuron system]. 192 57

After a brief description of the newest and special form of motion sickness known as "space sickness" arising in space flight, and the various hypotheses on its aetiopathogenesis, motion sickness in general and the air or plane sickness deriving from atmospheric flying are discussed. The aetiopathogenesis of air sickness derives from abnormal stimulations that are primarily vestibular but also visual and somesthesic, and generated by irregular movements or variations in attitude of the plane. Reflex action than produces effects that are primarily neurovegetative (nausea, vomiting, pallor, scialorrhea, sweating, bradycardia) and neuropsychological (depression, drowsiness, headache, discomfort and general debility with altered cenesthesia). After a description of the symptoms, the prevention and treatment of air sickness are discussed.
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PMID:[Motion sickness in the aerospace environment]. 331 14

This paper addresses the "fluid shift theory" of space motion sickness. The primary purpose of our research was the development of procedures to assess individual differences in response to rostral body fluid shifts on earth. Experiment I examined inner ear fluid pressure changes during head-down tilt in intact human beings. Tilt produced reliable changes. Differences among subjects and between ears within the same subject were observed. Experiment II examined auditory threshold changes during tilt. Tilt elicited increased auditory thresholds, suggesting that sensory depression may result from increased inner ear fluid pressure. Additional observations on rotation magnitude estimation during head-down tilt, which indicate that rostral fluid shifts may depress semicircular canal activity, are briefly described. The results of this research suggest that the inner ear pressure and auditory threshold shift procedures could be used to assess individual differences among astronauts prior to space flight. Results from the terrestrial observations could be related to reported incidence/severity of motion sickness in space and used to evaluate the fluid shift theory of space motion sickness.
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PMID:Physiological and behavioral effects of tilt-induced body fluid shifts. 687 Jul 33

Gilles de la Tourette syndrome (GTS), a chronic, familial, neuropsychiatric disorder of unknown etiology, is characterized clinically by the presence of motor and vocal tics that wax and wane in severity over time and by the occurrence of a variety of neurobehavioral disturbances including hyperactivity, self-mutilatory behavior, obsessive compulsive behavior, learning disabilities, and conduct disorder. Pharmacological studies suggest that the tics of GTS result from dysfunction of monoaminergic systems, more specifically from increased dopaminergic activity due to postsynaptic dopamine receptor supersensitivity. However, given that striatal dopaminergic and cholinergic systems exhibit reciprocal antagonism in other movement disorders such as Parkinsonism and chorea, it is conceivable that the cholinergic system is implicated in the disease. In the present communication it is proposed that: (a) the emergence of motor and vocal tics in GTS is associated with increased central cholinergic activity; (b) cholinergic overactivity is involved in the manifestation of other symptoms in GTS including depression, sleep disorders, motion sickness, pain, sensory tics, and the waxing and waning course of the disease; (c) abnormalities of the cholinergic system support previous evidence linking GTS with delayed cerebral maturation in a subset of young patients; and (d) drugs which stimulate cholinergic receptors may exacerbate symptoms of GTS, and as with dopamine agonists, should be avoided in patients with GTS.
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PMID:Cholinergic mechanisms in Gilles de la Tourette's syndrome. 777 75

To study the main predictors of childhood preschool headache, 1443 families expecting their first child were followed from the onset of pregnancy to the child's sixth year of life. Subject selection was based on stratified randomized cluster sampling. Of the children, 14.9% (144) suffered from headache disturbing daily activities at the age of 6 years. The mother's assessment of the infant's poor health (OR 2.5, 95% CI 1.1 to 5.8) and feeding problems (OR 1.9, 95% CI 1.1 to 3.2) at the age of 9 months predicted later occurrence of headache. At 3 years, depression and sleeping difficulties (according to Achenbach's psychological test) and recurrent difficulties in falling asleep (OR 3.2, 95% CI 1.5 to 7.2) were strong predictors. Headache in other family members (OR 3.5, 95% CI 2.0 to 5.9), especially in the mother (OR 1.7, 95% CI 1.2 to 2.4), predicted preschool headache in a child. At the age of 5 years, travel sickness (OR 2.8, 95% CI 1.5 to 5.1), nocturnal enuresis (OR 1.8, 95% CI 1.1 to 3.0), and the presence of long-term disease (OR 1.8, 95% CI 1.1 to 3.0) were strong predictors of later headache. At the same age, concentration difficulties (OR 2.3, 95% CI 1.3 to 4.2), behavioral problems (OR 2.7, 95% CI 1.1 to 6.4), unusual tiredness (OR 3.8, 95% CI 1.0 to 13.5), and, conversely, high sociability (OR 1.5, 95% CI 1.0 to 2.2) predicted headache. The three last-mentioned psychological factors seemed to be associated with concentration difficulties at the age of 5, which was found to be the strongest predictor. The parents of child headache sufferers often became aware of the child's problems long before the emergence of headache.
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PMID:Factors of early life as predictors of headache in children at school entry. 950 99

The 5-HT1A subtype of receptors for the neurotransmitter serotonin is predominantly located in the limbic forebrain and is involved in the modulation of emotion and the function of the hypothalamus. Since 5-HT1A receptors are implicated in the pathogenesis of anxiety, depression, hallucinogenic behaviour, motion sickness and eating disorders, they are an important target for drug therapy. Here, we review the radioligands which are available for visualisation and quantification of this important neuroreceptor in the human brain, using positron emission tomography (PET) or single-photon emission tomography (SPET). More than 20 compounds have been labelled with carbon-11 (half-life 20 min), fluorine-18 (half-life 109.8 min) or iodine-123 (half-life 13.2 h): structural analogues of the agonist, 8-OH-DPAT, structural analogues of the antagonist, WAY 100635, and apomorphines. The most successful radioligands thus far are [carbonyl-11C] WAY-100635 (WAY), [carbonyl-11C]desmethyl-WAY-100635 (DWAY), p-[18F]MPPF and [11C]robalzotan (NAD-299). The high-affinity ligands WAY and DWAY produce excellent images of 5-HT1A receptor distribution in the brain (even the raphe nuclei are visualised), but they cannot be distributed to remote facilities and they probably cannot be used to measure changes in endogenous serotonin. Binding of the moderate-affinity ligands MPPF and NAD-299 may be more sensitive to serotonin competition and MPPF can be distributed to PET centres within a flying distance of a few hours. Future research should be directed towards: (a) improvement of the metabolic stability in primates; (b) development of a fluorinated radioligand which can be produced in large quantities and (c) production of a radioiodinated or technetium-labelled ligand for SPET.
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PMID:Visualisation of serotonin-1A (5-HT1A) receptors in the central nervous system. 1120 45

The sopite syndrome is a poorly understood response to motion. Drowsiness and mood changes are the primary characteristics of the syndrome. The sopite syndrome can exist in isolation from more apparent symptoms such as nausea, can last long after nausea has subsided, and can debilitate some individuals. It is most likely a distinct syndrome from "regular" motion sickness or common fatigue, and is of potential concern in a variety of situations. The syndrome may be particularly hazardous in transportation settings where other performance challenges (e.g., sleep deprivation) are already present. It is also a potential concern in cases where illnesses such as sleep disorders or depression may interact with the syndrome and confuse diagnosis.
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PMID:The sopite syndrome revisited: drowsiness and mood changes during real or apparent motion. 1154 23


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