Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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 172,036 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

2-Deoxy-D-glucose (2-DG) elicits significant and prolonged hypothermia in a variety of animals when administered either peripherally or centrally. From our current studies it would appear that, in high concentrations (250 mg/kg or more, ip), 2-DG can act directly on peripheral tissues in the rat by competitively interfering with glucose metabolism and consequently with normal heat producing mechanisms. When a low concentration of 2-DG (20 micrograms) is injected centrally, the ensuing glucopenia results in vagal stimulation and subsequent diminution of peripheral heat production. Vagal involvement is concluded from studies with atropine, which demonstrated total inhibition of the usual 2-DG depression of body temperature by administration to the ventral premammillary nucleus (PMV), a site that is normally extremely sensitive to this analog of glucose. Additionally, from studies with PMV-lesioned rats, it was concluded that an intact nucleus is necessary for thermoregulation in a normal, a hot, or a cold environment.
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PMID:2-Deoxy-D-glucose-induced hypothermia: thermoregulatory pathways in rat. 743 98

Three-dimensional transesophageal echocardiography is a new and evolving cardiac imaging technique. We reported our experiences of its clinical applications in 59 patients. A series of special temporal longitudinal views were selected by the frame grabber. Then the computer connected each digitized endocardial surface of the longitudinal views according to their spatial position and reconstructed the three-dimensional, cardiac shaded picture with gray scale. The three-dimensional transesophageal echocardiographic images were divided into three areas. The right area was right anterior to the esophagus and included such structures as the superior vena cava, right atrium, interatrial septum, and left atrium; the size, shape, and location of an atrial septal defect could be clearly shown. In the middle area the origin and the course of the two great arteries could be visualized, thus facilitating the diagnosis of transposition of the great arteries; in patients with obstruction of the right ventricular outflow tract, the circular ridgelike narrowing in the right ventricle was clearly visualized. In the left area the contour and size of the left ventricle and left atrium and the shape and point of coaptation of the mitral valve could be demonstrated; in patients with mitral valve prolapse, part of either leaflet protruded into the left atrium and appeared as a spoonlike depression in the mitral valve. Other entities subjected to three-dimensional transesophageal echocardiographic reconstruction included cor triatriatum, left atrial myxoma, aneurysm of sinus of Valsalva, dissecting aortic aneurysm, mitral stenosis, mitral regurgitation, and mitral valve prolapse.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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PMID:Clinical application of three-dimensional transesophageal echocardiography. 803 6

Load-induced contractility depression, in which supernormal left ventricular ejection fraction and contractility at rest decrease by added afterload, is most often found in children with mitral valve prolapse who have symptoms. Patients have high ventricular end-diastolic pressure at rest, which is further increased by afterload challenge. The Frank-Starling mechanism may be maximally mobilized with high preload even at rest to compensate for the intrinsically depressed inotropic state. Therefore, preload reserve may be easily exhausted due to afterload addition. We aimed to determine left ventricular end-diastolic fiber length, stroke work, and contractility before and during handgrip by echocardiograms to obtain evidence for the Frank-Starling mechanism in patients and controls, including patients treated with coenzyme Q10. The subjects were divided into four groups, each consisting of 30 children aged 6-16 years: group 1, normals; group 2, patients; group 3, the same patients as in group 2 after coenzyme Q10 therapy; and group 4, patients with asymptomatic mitral valve prolapse. Baseline values and percentage increases in systolic blood pressure, heart rate, and left ventricular wall stress showed no differences among the groups. Only in group 2 were the percentage increase in ejection fraction, fiber shortening velocity, contractility, and end-diastolic dimension strongly negative, despite supernormal baseline levels. In other groups, these were significantly positive, without intergroup differences. We conclude that in the heart with load-induced contractility depression, the Frank-Starling mechanism deviates from normal. The normal Frank-Starling mechanism was recovered due to coenzyme Q10, which may improve disturbed bioenergetic function at the molecular level.
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PMID:Recovery of the Frank-Starling mechanism by coenzyme Q10 in patients with load-induced contractility depression. 824 1

We studied a group of 18 patients with mitral valve prolapse (MVP) and a group of 20 healthy controls. Subjects in both groups were subjected to a 1-h experimental stress exposure during which Holter-ECG monitoring was performed and was then continued for the following 24 h. MVP patients complained of significant cardiac palpitation during the stress session, but ECG examination did not reveal significant inter-group differences. However, the two groups did show statistically significant differences in some psychometric measurements (Toronto Alexithymia Scale, Anxiety Sensitivity Index, Fear Questionnaire, Beck Depression Inventory, and Harm Avoidance subscale of Tridimensional Personality Questionnaire) that underlie personality traits known to be important in the process fostering functional somatic symptoms, according to the somatosensory amplification model. As no objective signs of cardiac rhythm modification were found in MVP patients under stress, we postulate that the symptoms for which these patients were referred have a functional nature, and that there is no pathogenetic link with the underlying valvular defect.
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PMID:Cardiovascular reactivity of mitral valve prolapse patients during experimental stress exposure: evidence for a functional nature of cardiovascular symptoms. 883 59

To observe the stereoscopic structure and the motion of the prolapsing mitral valve and its regurgitant jet in comparison with the normal mitral valve, four-dimensional (or dynamic three-dimensional) echocardiography of mitral valve apparatus was obtained in 20 patients with mitral valve prolapse and 10 unaffected subjects by use of transthoracic and transesophageal methods. The normal mitral valve apparatus has a consistent saddle-shaped configuration, with its anterior and posterior high points located near the aortic root and posterior left ventricular wall, respectively, and its low points located medially and laterally. In mitral valve prolapse, the spatial relation of mitral leaflets and anulus can be observed in four dimensions either from the left ventricle toward the left atrium or from the left atrium toward the left ventricle; the position, size, shape, motion, and extent of functional abnormality of the prolapsing mitral valve were clearly displayed. On the long-axis view of the left ventricle and the apical four-chamber view of four-dimensional echocardiography, the part of prolapsing mitral valve that protruded into the left atrium appeared as a spoon-like depression. We also obtained four-dimensional images of regurgitant blood flow to observe the stereoscopic view of blood flow column and its cross-sectional area, spatial position, and dynamic changes. This technique is of great value in evaluating patients with mitral valve prolapse, increasing the diagnostic sensitivity and specificity, and giving assistance to the surgeons in making preoperative therapeutic decisions and assessing the intraoperative and postoperative results.
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PMID:Evaluation of mitral valve prolapse by four-dimensional echocardiography. 900

We investigated the significance of mitral valve prolapse (MVP) and autonomic function in 121 patients diagnosed with panic disorder (PD). The incidence of MVP was higher in these patients (32.2%) than in the healthy controls (16.7%), but the difference was not significant. In the group with PD accompanied by depression, the MVP rate was 58.1%, significantly higher than the value of 25.7% observed in the PD patients without depression. The severity of MVP was mild; nearly all of the cases were silent, without cardiac murmur, and there was no problem with the left ventricular function. The coefficient of variation for R-R intervals on electrocardiograms (CV R-R) was smaller in patients with PD than in healthy controls. The CV R-R of PD patients was significantly lower in the group with MVP than in the group without MVP, suggesting a strong association with the parasympathetic nervous system. Since the CV R-R tended to decrease in the presence of depression, involvement of the parasympathetic nervous system was inferred.
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PMID:Mitral valve prolapse and autonomic function in panic disorder. 951 8

Electrocardiographic (ECG) and echocardiographic examinations and 24-h ECG Holter monitoring were carried out in 100 patients (age < 65 years) with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) of stages II-IV according to Steinbrocker's criteria. One hundred patients with osteoarthrosis, spondyloarthrosis and painful shoulder matched for age, sex and body surface area constituted the control group. All patients with myocardial infarction, hypertension, rheumatic fever or a history of diabetes were excluded. Cardiac involvement, evaluated by echo-Doppler cardiography, 24-h ECG Holter monitoring and an ECG at rest, occurred in 52 (52%) patients with RA and in 23 (23%) control group patients (p < 0.0005). In the RA group ECG examination, 1 mm ST depression in at least two consecutive leads was observed more frequently, and occurred statistically more frequently for the highest stage of RA according to Steinbrocker's criteria, highest level of functional index and longer duration of disease. The 24-h Holter ECG monitoring did not show any differences in frequency of rhythm disorders between the RA group and the control group. However, silent myocardial ischaemia episodes appeared more often in the RA group. An ECG examination revealed more cases of valvular heart disease, especially mitral insufficiency, in RA patients than in the control group. A mitral valve prolapse was noted in 6% of patients and a pericardial effusion in 4% of patients. Patients with RA were noted to have a larger diastolic left ventricular diameter and aortic root diameter, and smaller ejection fraction, mean velocity of circumferential fibre shortening and fractional shortening. The results of the examinations show that RA is associated with cardiac involvement in a significant proportion of cases.
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PMID:Echocardiographic findings, 24-hour electrocardiographic Holter monitoring in patients with rheumatoid arthritis according to Steinbrocker's criteria, functional index, value of Waaler-Rose titre and duration of disease. 980 80

Echocardiographic examination and 24-h electrocardiographic Holter monitoring were carried out on 35 patients with nodular rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and 35 with non-nodular RA, who were matched with the nodular RA group regarding age, sex and BSA. A further 35 patients with osteoarthrosis and spondyloarthrosis matched, with both RA groups, constituted a control group. Patients with a history of myocardial infarction, hypertension, rheumatic fever and diabetes were excluded from the study. Cardiac involvement, evaluated using echo-Doppler cardiography, 24-h electrocardiographic Holter monitoring and ECG at rest, occurred in 25 (71.9%) patients with nodular RA and in 15 (42.9%) with non-nodular RA in comparison to 8 (22.9%) control group patients (P < 0.0002). Holter electrocardiographic monitoring over 24 h did not present any essential differences in frequency of rhythm disorders between the examined groups and the control group. However, it revealed more patients with 1-mm ST depression in the nodular RA group than in the non-nodular and control groups. Echocardiographic examination revealed more cases of valvular heart abnormalities, especially those of mitral insufficiency, in nodular RA patients than in non-nodular and control patients. Both a mitral valve prolapse and a pericardial effusion were noted in 8.6% of nodular RA patients. Patients with nodular RA were noted to have a bigger aortic root diameter, but smaller ejection fraction, mean velocity of circumferential fibre shortening and fractional shortening in comparison to non-nodular and to control group patients.
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PMID:Echocardiographic findings and 24-h electrocardiographic Holter monitoring in patients with nodular and non-nodular rheumatoid arthritis. 1039 90

Stroke significantly increases the risk of dementia in subjects aged 55 years or more. Twenty to 25 p. 100 of patients are demented 5 years after a stroke. Age and supratentorial location of the vascular lesion are risk factors for post-stroke dementia. Volume, left side of the lesion, large middle cerebral artery infarction, lesions of the frontal lobe, second stroke, diabetes, aphasia, clinical features expressing the severity of the stroke event in the acute phase, mitral valve prolapse, atrial fibrillation, depression, concomitant hypoxic/ischemic disorders, and white matter changes have also been found as predictors of dementia. There are many different mechanisms of vascular pathology that may lead to dementia: ischemic or hemorrhagic lesions, large vessel disease including multi-infarct and strategic single infarct, small-vessel disease including lacunes and white matter changes, hypoperfusion.... Post-stroke dementia may not be due only to vascular lesion. Some post-stroke dementias have a progressive onset and course. The cognitive decline may pre-exist to the stroke, even when a dementia is not diagnosed. This suggests a degenerative process. Alzheimer's disease is frequent in ages when the majority of strokes occur. Alzheimer's and vascular diseases share common risk factors such as age, APOE4, hypertension, and smoking. Patients with low MMS scores and AD patients are at risk for stroke. Moreover, white matter changes are associated with stroke and Alzheimer's disease and may contribute to the cognitive decline. Many post-stroke dementias could be multifactorial. Even when vascular lesions and degenerative changes (mainly Alzheimer changes) are not severe enough, no their own, to be the cause of dementia, their summation may reduce the preclinical stage of the degenerative process.
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PMID:[Risk factors and mechanisms of post-stroke dementia]. 1052 61

Pectus excavatum is a depression of the sternum and costal cartilages which may present at birth, or more commonly during the teenage growth spurt. Symptoms of lack of endurance, shortness of breath with exercise, or chest pain are frequent. Although pectus excavatum may be a component of some uncommon syndromes, patients usually are healthy. Evaluation should include careful anatomic description with photographs, radiography to demonstrate the depth of the depression, extent of cardiac compression, or displacement, measurement of pulmonary function, and echocardiography to look for mitral valve prolapse (in 15%) or diminished right ventricular volume. Indications for surgical treatment include two or more of the following: a severe, symptomatic deformity; progression of deformity; paradoxical respiratory chest wall motion; computer tomography scan with a pectus index greater than 3.25; cardiac compression/displacement and/or pulmonary compression; pulmonary function studies showing restrictive disease; mitral valve prolapse, bundle branch block, or other cardiac pathology secondary to compression of the heart; or failed previous repair(s). The developmental factors, genetics, and physiologic abnormalities associated with the condition are reviewed.
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PMID:Pectus excavatum: historical background, clinical picture, preoperative evaluation and criteria for operation. 1858 24


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