Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0011570 (depression)
 172,036 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Plasma disposition of aditoprim, a new dihydrofolate reductase inhibitor, was studied in healthy cows and cows with endotoxin-induced mastitis. A single dose of 5 mg of aditoprim/kg of body weight was administered IV to 5 healthy cows and to the same cows 3 weeks later at 2 hours after intramammary infusion of 0.1 mg of endotoxin into the rear quarters. Mastitis developed in all endotoxin-infused quarters and cows had systemic signs of disease (fever, tachycardia, depression) from 2 to 10 hours after infusion of endotoxin. Pharmacokinetic characteristics of aditoprim in healthy cows were a large volume of distribution (6.28 L/kg), a systemic clearance of 0.82 L/h/kg, and an elimination half-life of 7.26 hours. In cows with mastitis, plasma concentrations of aditoprim were lower between 5 and 26 hours after injection. The systemic clearance (1.00 L/h/kg) and the volume of distribution (12.25 L/kg) were significantly higher in cows with mastitis, but elimination half-life was not significantly different. The lower plasma concentrations of aditoprim between 5 and 26 hours after injection in cows with mastitis are explained by fluid compartment shifts and/or blood flow changes induced by mastitis, although increased elimination of aditoprim in cows with mastitis cannot completely be ruled out. The antibacterial activity of aditoprim is nearly the same as that of trimethoprim. The longer elimination half-life time of aditoprim, however, indicates that it may have a practical pharmacotherapeutic advantage over trimethoprim.
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PMID:Effects of endotoxin-induced mastitis on the pharmacokinetic properties of aditoprim in dairy cows. 147 14

In totally 3740 cows of the breed German Brown Swiss distributed over 115 herds risk factors for the occurrence of diseases were analysed using a threshold model. Disease data were recorded by ten practitioners in southern Bavaria. The most frequent diseases were fertility disorders, followed by metabolic, udder and calving disorders. The influence of the herds could demonstrated clearly for all diseases analysed. The effect of the lactation number contributed significantly to the frequency of milk fever, mastitis, retained placenta, endometritis/metritis and ovary cysts. Heritability estimates vary between h2 = 0.5% and h2 = 4.2% with exception of anestrus/acyclia (h2 = 8.8%). With higher milk yield of cows the disease frequencies increase, especially fertility diseases. However, increasing herd milk yield is associated with decreasing disease frequencies. A depression of A.I.-parameters and an increase of culling rate caused by diseases could be observed. In the case of the occurrence of uterus- and ovary disorders days open are elongated by 58 days in comparison to cows without diseases. Recording of disease data for use in electronic data processing seems necessary, in order to diminish production diseases by breeding and herd control programmes. An important prerequisite in organization of disease data recording is an efficient cooperation between the veterinary practitioner, farmer, inseminator and the official milk recording organisation.
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PMID:[Epidemiologic and genetic analysis of veterinary data of German Brown cattle]. 177 92

The average concentration of orotic acid in the milk of 412 Black and White bred cows from four Polish provinces was 0.618 +/- 0.233 mmol/l. There was no correlation between milk yield and concentration of orotic acid. A higher concentration of this pyrimidine in younger cows, and its increase during development of lactation was noted. The yearly pattern of orotic acid in milk and urine of four low-, and four high-orotate cows was examined. In spite of high average differences in milk orotate (0.397 and 0.813 mmol/l) no significant differences in urinary orotate (20.96 and 21.90 mumol/mmol creatinine) were observed. In both groups the lowest milk orotate level occurred in early lactation. The orotic acid content (mmol/l) in commercial milk products was as follows: skim milk--0.783; evaporated milk--0.538; cream 12% fat--0.367; buttermilk--0.449; yogurt--0.331; kefir--0.341; sour milk 2% fat--0.360; dried skim milk--1.042; Bebiko I (infant formula)--0.650. Leukemia led to the elevation (0.845 mmol/l), whereas mastitis to the depression (0.124 mmol/l) of milk orotic acid level.
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PMID:Variability of orotic acid concentration in cow's milk. 195 38

Two separate experiments evaluated ID-1 (a commercial bovine whey product containing 5200 pg of thymosin alpha 1/ml) as an immunotherapeutic agent in lactating cows. In the first experiment, cows without mastitis were evaluated for blood leukogram, milk production, total and differential milk cell counts, lymphocyte (Lc) blastogenesis, and neutrophil (PMN) functions (random and directed migration under agarose, chemiluminescence, ingestion of bacteria, iodination, cytochrome C reduction, antibody-independent neutrophil-mediated cytotoxicity, and antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity) before and after ID-1 therapy. ID-1 treatment resulted in a significant treatment group by time period interaction for the relative proportion of mononuclear cells (MNC) in milk (P less than 0.009) and for PMN random migration (P less than 0.01). Based on these interactions, ID-1 treatment appeared to slightly increase the proportion of small MNC in milk and to increase random migration from pretreatment levels by 73% more than increases observed in controls. No significant effect of ID-1 treatment on milk production, total milk somatic cell counts, Lc blastogenesis, or other PMN functions was observed. In cows with experimental Staphylococcus aureus intramammary infections, ID-1 treatment resulted in a significant decline in blood leukocyte count (P less than 0.001) and blood PMN count (P less than 0.02), and maintained PMN random migration (P less than 0.01) while controls declined and abrogated a depression in the ability of Lc to respond to mitogens (P less than 0.05) that developed in controls as a result of S. aureus mastitis. Injection of ID-1 into cows had no adverse effect on their overall health or level of milk production, but did cause subtle and potentially favorable changes in several in vitro immune parameters. In spite of these subtle changes which might indicate increased resistance to mastitis, cows actually developed a more severe S. aureus intramammary infection based on a 9% increase in log 10 bacterial shedding in milk.
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PMID:In vivo effects of a thymosin alpha 1-containing colostral whey product on neutrophils and lymphocytes from lactating cows without and with experimentally induced Staphylococcus aureus mastitis. 270 95

The effect of hydrocortisone (hydrocortisone sodium succinate) on bovine lymphocyte blastogenesis in response to Staphylococcus aureus antigens and phytohemagglutinin was measured in vitro. Lymphocytes isolated from the blood of cows were treated for 6 to 8 days with physiologic hydrocortisone concentrations known to be inducible by environmental stress (10 ng/ml), acute clinical mastitis (25 ng/ml), or adrenocorticotropin treatment (45 ng/ml). All 3 concentrations of hydrocortisone caused a depression (P less than 0.01) in lymphocyte blastogenesis in response to phytohemagglutinin and S aureus antigen extract. Hydrocortisone concentrations as low as 10 pg/ml caused a depression in the lymphocyte blastogenic response to phytohemagglutinin. Marked variation existed among cows in the normal response of their nontreated lymphocytes and in the degree of depression of lymphocyte function after the in vitro treatment with hydrocortisone. Macrophage depletion experiments showed that the suppressive effect of hydrocortisone was not mediated by induction of suppressor macrophages. The data suggest that T-cell function was impaired directly by hydrocortisone treatment.
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PMID:In vitro depression of bovine lymphocyte function by treatment of cultured bovine lymphocytes with physiologic concentrations of hydrocortisone. 340 Sep 21

The clinical effect of flunixin meglumine administration was determined in cows with acute mastitis induced by intramammary administration of endotoxin. In 12 lactating cows, 10 micrograms of Escherichia coli 026:B6 endotoxin were administered via a teat cannula into the teat cistern of single randomly selected rear quarters. Cows were challenge exposed as pairs. One cow in each pair was administered parenteral flunixin meglumine (6 cows) and 1 cow per pair was administered saline solution (6 cows). Multiple doses (7) of 1.1 mg of flunixin meglumine/kg of body weight or saline solution were administered at 8-hour intervals beginning 2 hours after endotoxin. Cow and quarter clinical signs as well as milk somatic cell concentrations, bovine serum albumin, electrical conductivity, and milk production were determined before and for 14 days after endotoxin inoculation. Intramammary endotoxin produced signs characteristic of acute coliform mastitis. Quarter and systemic abnormalities occurred and milk production was reduced by approximately 50% at 12 hours after endotoxin. Flunixin meglumine therapy significantly (P less than or equal to 0.05) reduced rectal temperatures and quarter signs of inflammation and improved clinically graded depression when compared with these signs in saline solution-treated controls. Milk production and laboratory indicators of inflammation in milk were not significantly (P greater than 0.05) different for flunixin meglumine vs saline solution controls. The clinical response observed was consistent with the antipyretic, analgesic, and anti-inflammatory properties of flunixin meglumine.
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PMID:Efficacy of flunixin meglumine for the treatment of endotoxin-induced bovine mastitis. 352 29

Values of blood gas, serum chloride, and potassium were tabulated for 21 dairy cows with coliform mastitis. Severe cases showed marked clinical signs such as loss of appetite and depression of digestive tract motility, and metabolic alkalosis such as an increase in blood pH, hypochloremia and hypokalemia compared with normal and mild cases (p < 0.01). The results showed that metabolic alkalosis can be detected more easily than acidosis in cases of severe coliform mastitis.
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PMID:Metabolic alkalosis in coliform mastitis. 923 24

The effect of recombinant bovine somatotropin (bST) on the chemiluminescence, diapedesis, and expression of adhesion receptors (CD11a, CD11b, CD18) of isolated polymorphonuclear leukocytes was studied. The plasma concentrations of insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I), bST, cortisol, and alpha-lactalbumin were also monitored. In addition, general and local clinical symptoms and the differentiation of circulating leukocytes were also studied during experimentally induced Streptococcus uberis mastitis in cows. Ten cows were infected with 500 cfu of S. uberis O140J in both left quarters. Five cows were subcutaneously treated with 500 mg of recombinant bST 7 d before and after infection, and 5 control cows received the excipient. General (fever, tachycardia, inappetance, and depression) and local symptoms (swelling, pain, firmness, and flecks in milk) were more acute, severe, and longer-lasting in control cows. Treatment with bST had no effect on chemiluminescence and diapedesis of circulating polymorphonuclear leukocytes and no effect on the expression of adhesion receptors. Recombinant bST induced significantly higher IGF-I and bST concentrations in plasma. The leukopenia observed after infection was less pronounced in the bST-treated cows, and the number of circulating band neutrophils and metamyelocytes was significantly lower in the treated group. The concentration of cortisol did not differ between both groups, but the blood concentration of alpha-lactalbumin significantly increased in both groups from 6 d after infection. These results showed that treatment with recombinant bST improves animal welfare by protecting the cows from severe local and general clinical symptoms during subsequent S. uberis mastitis, but that it has no effect on chemiluminescence, diapedesis, and the expression of adhesion receptors of circulating polymorphonuclear leukocytes.
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PMID:Effect of bovine somatotropin on neutrophil functions and clinical symptoms during Streptococcus uberis mastitis. 1041 62

We used multiple-regression analysis of field data to quantify the marginal impacts of various mastitis-control procedures on bulk-tank somatic-cell count (BTSCC). Estimates of milk-yield depression and the probability of herds paying a BTSCC penalty due to the presence of subclinical mastitis were made. An assessment of the economic efficiency of mastitis control by high BTSCC producers was also made using a loss-expenditure frontier. Significant interactions were detected between premilking udder-preparation methods (UP) and post-milking teat disinfection (PMTD), and also between the milking system of the herds and both the use of dry-cow therapy (DCT) and a regular milking-machine test (MMT). Udder preparation involving washing was associated with a higher SCC and had a detrimental effect on the efficacy of PMTD. Amongst herds facing a high-BTSCC problem (BTSCC >400,000 cells/ml), herds using PMTD without UP (regardless of the type of milking system), those using DCT (in parlour systems), and those with a parlour system having their milking machines tested obtained returns of Pound Sterling 1.4, Pound Sterling 3.9 and Pound Sterling 1.1, respectively, per Pound Sterling 1 investment in each of these procedures as a result of reductions in milk-yield losses and BTSCC penalties. The minimum total cost of disease within these herds was Pound Sterling 65.50/cow/year (due to Pound Sterling 41.40 revenue losses plus Pound Sterling 24.10 mastitis-control expenditure) attained by herds which had a parlour system and used DCT, MMT and PMTD (without UP). However, the average cost of subclinical mastitis for all high-BTSCC farms was Pound Sterling 100/cow/yr; hence, the difference (pound Sterling 34.50) could be saved by the more-efficient application of mastitis-control procedures.
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PMID:The economic impact of mastitis-control procedures used in Scottish dairy herds with high bulk-tank somatic-cell counts. 1044 42

Adequate immune functions are essential for the defence against udder infections. Detailed knowledge about the immune response and important defence factors is essential in order to find new ways for the prevention and treatment of udder infections leading to mastitis. Work should be concentrated on ways of minimising the negative influence on immune functions and/or ways of stimulating these functions, especially during periods of immune suppression. A depression of important immune functions has been reported around parturition and there is a higher prevalence of clinical mastitis and other diseases during this period. Immunosuppression is often associated with high levels of glucocorticoids in blood, a common finding around parturition and during stressful conditions. A number of stressors are present around calving, e.g. parturition, onset of lactation and changes in feeding and management regimes. Adequate management including feeding strategies and routines are important for the immune functions. Metabolic stress as well as deficiencies in vitamins and minerals around parturition and during the first month of lactation can have a negative influence on the immune functions and thereby increase the risks for udder infections and mastitis. There seem to be a genetic variability in certain immune functions among periparturient cows. This might indicate a possibility to find markers for genetic selection of individuals with a well-developed immune system without negative effects on milk productivity.
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PMID:Mammary gland immunology around parturition. Influence of stress, nutrition and genetics. 1095 32


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