Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0011570 (depression)
 172,036 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Khat (Catha edulis) is a shrub or tree whose leaves have been chewed for centuries by people who live in the Eastern part of Africa and the Arabian Peninsula. It has recently turned up in North America and Europe, particularly among emigrants and refugees from countries such as Somalia, Ethiopia and Yemen. Khat contains a number of chemicals, among which are two controlled substances, cathinone (Schedule I) and cathine (Schedule IV). Both chemicals are stimulant drugs with effects similar to amphetamine. Chewing the leaves makes people feel more alert and talkative, and suppresses appetite. Chewing khat leaves releases cathinone, a stimulant that produces the feeling of euphoria. When cathinone is broken down in the body, it produces chemicals including cathine and norephedrine, which have a similar structure to amphetamine and adrenaline (epinephrine). Regular khat use is associated with a rise in arterial blood pressure and pulse rate, corresponding with levels of cathinone in the plasma. Moreover, regular khat chewers have gingivitis and loose teeth, but there appears to be no convincing unusual incidence of oral cancer. Among khat users in Yemen there is, however, a higher incidence of esophageal cancer compared with gastric cancer. Long term use or abuse can cause insomnia, anorexia, gastric disorders, depression, liver damage and cardiac complications, including myocardial infarction. Manic and delusional behavior, violence, suicidal depression, hallucinations, paranoia and khat-induced psychosis have also been reported. On the basis of the scientific data it seems clear that khat use has negative consequences on the economic development of a country and on the health of the society.
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PMID:Khat - a controversial plant. 1992 Nov 26

The purpose of the present study is to test the validity of the steroid carcinogenesis hypothesis in humans by investigating the problem whether or not a cancer-specific change of the hormonal milieu emerges at a specified stage of life where the growth rate of cancer risk is at its zenith. A case-control study of 14 urinary steroid excretions was conducted for each of 3 human neoplasias. The identification and the size (in parenthesis) of the population units used in this study were,given as follows: a) the male gastric cancer group (421); b) the male control group (104); c) the female breast cancer group (245); d) the cervical cancer group (345); e) the female control group (127). Two kinds of steroid parameters were employed for the statistical analysis of hormonal data: a) the logarithm of a steroid excretion figure (mu g/day), as expressed by log x; b) the logarithm of a relative weight of a given steroid to tetrahydrocortisol, as expressed by log x/THF. The case-control difference for each parameter was expressed in terms of a t-value of Student's t-test. The steroid deviation profile was prepared for each neoplasia and for each of the log x data set and the log x/THF data set. The results obtained are as follows: a) the 2 steroid parameters (log x and log x/THF) for each of 14 urinary steroids were both subject to change with the progress of host age. The rate of age-dependent change was different for each steroid parameter and for each population unit. b) The above differential age dependency of the steroid parameters gave rise to a continual transition of the steroid deviation profile in the course of aging. c) The hormonal traits of male gastric cancer, female breast cancer and cervical cancer were described each as a complex of androgen depression and glucocorticoid stimulation (male gastric cancer), a sequential emergence of premenopausal progestin depression and postmenopausal predominance of glucocorticoid over androgen (female breast cancer), and a complex of androgen-glucocorticoid depression over progestin (cervical cancer). d) The emergence of the above cancer-specific steroid disorders chronologically coincided with the quasiexponential growth phase of cancer risk (and slow growth phase of cancer risk in postmenopausal breast cancer). e) The usefulness of the log x/THF type deviation profile for the assessment of the hormonal milieu of the host was verified by both theoretical approach to the problem and its application to the real data of a case-control study. f) The age dependent decline of androgens was generally much faster in their progressions than that of glucocorticoids - a finding to suggest the possibility that the production of a cancer-specific steroid deviation profile might have taken the form of the stress shift of Hans Selye, since both phenomena share depletion of gonadal steroids relative to glucocorticoid in common. The etiological relevancy of the 3 cancer-specific steroid changes to the geneses of 3 cancers:was discussed in the light of the experimental pathology studies in our laboratory as well as in other laboratories.
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PMID:The relation between the aging of the steroid generating system and the geneses of cancers of the stomach, the breast and the uterine cervix. 2159 38

Professor Wei Pin-kang developed phlegm theory for gastric cancer. He adopted the therapy of resolving phlegm and dispersing nodules as the fundamental therapy for gastric cancer. As the symptoms may vary due to the changes of etiology and pathogenesis at different stages of gastric cancer, he further formulated eight therapies based on the fundamental therapy, namely, resolving phlegm and regulating stomach, resolving phlegm and removing stagnancy, resolving phlegm and clearing heat toxin, resolving phlegm and relieving qi depression, resolving phlegm and dredging collaterals, resolving phlegm and removing blood stasis, resolving phlegm and promoting diuresis, and resolving phlegm to soften abdominal mass. These therapies showed satisfactory effects following the principle of simultaneous treatment of disease and symptoms.
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PMID:[Eight therapies of resolving phlegm and dispersing nodules in treatment of gastric cancer: experience from Professor Wei Pin-kang]. 2201 86

Succeeding Herbert Hoover in 1933 as President of the United States Franklin D. Roosevelt of The Democratic Party did not hesitate to make Congress immediately endorse his New Deal relief and recovery measures to help the depression-stricken Americans. Doing this, and during the rest of his life, Roosevelt had to cope with severe paralysis of his legs resulting from poliomyelitis infection in 1921 necessitating the use of leg braces and crutches, or a wheel chair. Before and during World War II Roosevelt leaned on Harry Hopkins, a former director of various health agencies with a penetrating mind and ability to discuss and implement Roosevelt's decisions. In spite of Hopkins suffering from the sequels of surgery for stomach cancer, he rendered invaluable support to the president. Franklin D. Roosevelt died 63 years old in April 1945 from a cerebral haemorrhage, and Harry Hopkins died 56 years old in 1946 from haemochromatosis.
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PMID:[Roosevelt and Hopkins: a paretic president with a chronically ill adviser leading the United States during World War II]. 2233 78

Cancer patients, who have to adapt to a long treatment process with multiple stressful events, show various stress responses. Genetic components may contribute to individual differences in stress response and risk for development of stress-related psychiatric problems. The present study aimed to investigate the influence of FK506 binding protein 5 (FKBP5) gene polymorphisms regulating the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis on individual distress levels in cancer patients faced with similar stressful situation. The present study used a prospective design to elucidate predictors of distress. A total of 130 patients (90 males, 40 females) who were newly diagnosed with advanced gastric cancer and supposed to receive first-line chemotherapy were initially assessed, and a six-week follow-up assessment occurred for 93 patients (63 males, 30 females) after two cycles of chemotherapy. Distress levels and coping patterns were measured by the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS) and Mini-Mental Adjustment to Cancer (Mini-MAC) scale. For genetic factors, three single nucleotide polymorphisms of FKBP5 rs1360780, rs9296158 and rs9470080 were genotyped. For HADS-anxiety, FKBP5 rs9296158 had a significant group-by-time interaction (p=0.015), and rs9470080 and rs1360780 had a marginally significant interaction (p=0.023, p=0.038, respectively). For HADS-depression, rs9470080 and rs9296158 had a marginally significant group-by-time interaction (p=0.026, p=0.032, respectively). In addition, a step-wise linear regression analysis showed that FKBP5 rs9470080 and rs9296158 were significant predictors of anxiety and depression after prolonged stress exposure in cancer patients. Our findings indicate that the genetic factors regulating the HPA axis such as FKBP5 gene polymorphisms may play a crucial role in anxiety and depression following prolonged stress exposure.
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PMID:FKBP5 polymorphisms as vulnerability to anxiety and depression in patients with advanced gastric cancer: a controlled and prospective study. 2245 75

Persistent hiccup can cause anorexia, weight loss, disabling sleep deprivation, anxiety, and depression. Therefore, relief of persistent hiccup is important for advanced cancer patients and their family. Most reports on this condition are case series reports advocating the use of baclofen, haloperidol, gabapentin, and midazolam. However, these medications are occasionally ineffective or accompanied by intolerable side effects. The sodium channel blocker lidocaine has been shown to be effective in treating a variety of disorders thought to involve neuropathic mechanisms. Intravenous administration of lidocaine is common but efficacy has also been reported for subcutaneous infusion. In advanced cancer patients, subcutaneous infusion is easy, advantageous, and accompanied by less discomfort. We report a case of severe and sustained hiccup caused by gastric cancer that was successfully treated with a continuous subcutaneous infusion of lidocaine (480 mg (24 ml)/day) without severe side effects.
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PMID:Continuous subcutaneous infusion of lidocaine for persistent hiccup in advanced cancer. 2266 18

S-1 plus cisplatin is the standard chemotherapy for recurrent gastric cancer. While depression and delirium are frequent in cancer patients, hypomania during chemotherapy is rare. We describe a rare case of hypomania during S-1 plus cisplatin treatment for recurrent gastric cancer. A 66-year-old woman, with no previous psychiatric disorder, received S-1 plus cisplatin for recurrent gastric cancer. She showed peculiar behavior. Physical examination, urine, blood and imaging findings were normal. There was no gastric cancer progression. During psychiatric consultation, she behaved inappropriately. However, she behaved normally while performing daily activities. She manifested a persistently elevated, expansive or irritable mood, clearly different from her usual non-depressed state, meeting hypomania diagnostic criteria. Her condition did not require chemotherapy discontinuation or additional medication. During the second and subsequent S-1 plus cisplatin cycles, symptoms were stable. Cancer patients often have adjustment disorders, depression and delirium, but rarely hypomania. Our patient showed no significant changes in blood biochemistry and brain and whole body imaging. While S-1 plus cisplatin-induced hypomania cannot be excluded, hypomanic symptoms did not improve during the chemotherapy rest period, nor was there deterioration during subsequent cycles, suggesting drug-induced mania to be unlikely. Possible onset mechanisms include manic defense phenomena, common with stressful life events. There are no reports of recurrent gastric cancer patients experiencing hypomania during S-1 or S-1 plus cisplatin therapy, i.e. our patient represents a rare course. Clinicians should recognize psychosis or mood disorders during gastric cancer treatment. Further accumulation of such rare cases might elucidate pathological mechanisms underlying hypomania in cancer patients.
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PMID:Hypomanic episode during recurrent gastric cancer treatment: report of a rare case and literature review. 2287 46

This article describes a method of gastrographic examination and its use in diagnosis of gastric cancer. Gastrography includes four examination methods: barium filled, mucosal relief, compression, and double contrast studies. Diagnosis by gastrography is based on the histogenesis of gastric cancer. Depressive undifferentiated type cancer, which arises from the fundic gland mucosa, shows a clear depressed border between the carcinoma and normal mucosa. The surface of the cancer also shows granular changes in regenerative mucosa. Depressive differentiated type cancer, which develops from intestinal metaplastic mucosa, has a smooth mucosal surface and shows depression of the cancer accompanied with slightly elevated margins. Most elevated type gastric cancers are intramucosal cancers of differentiated type carcinoma. However, cancers showing elevation of more than 3cm would be predicted to show invasive potential by conventional statistical gastric cancer studies.
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PMID:[Gastrography]. 2319 54

The indication of endoscopic submucosal dissection for Barrett's esophageal adenocarcinoma (BEA) is superficial BEA without lymph node metastasis. The characteristic endoscopic findings of superficial BEA are elevation, depression, and color change. Indigocarmine spreading is useful for the diagnosis of lateral extension. It is a simple and easy enhancement method. The observation of surface and vascular pattern by magnifying endoscopy with narrow-band imaging is also useful for the diagnosis of lateral extension. The incidence of gastric cancer is high in Japan. The majority of early gastric cancer is detected by conventional endoscopy without random biopsy, or target biopsydiagnosis. The background mucosa of gastric cancer has gastritis, and the carcinogenesis based on inflammation is the same as early BEA. However, random biopsy remains the universal standard for early detection of Barrett's high-grade dysplasia and superficial BEA. A surveillance system that does not use random biopsy can and should be established using high-resolution endoscopy with target biopsy.
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PMID:Diagnostic strategies of superficial Barrett's esophageal cancer for endoscopic submucosal dissection. 2348 Mar 98

Steroids are commonly used for fatigue relief in terminally ill cancer patients. However, steroid-induced adverse effects including depression, myopathy, and hyperglycemia may contribute to fatigue. We report our experiences with aggravation of fatigue with steroid use in three cases. Case 1 was a 65-year-old man with advanced gastric cancer. He was started on betamethasone (2 mg/d) for fatigue, but the fatigue worsened due to steroid-induced depression. Discontinuation of steroids and initiation of an antidepressant ameliorated the fatigue. Case 2 was a 68-year-old man with advanced lung cancer. He complained of fatigue. Betamethasone (1 mg/d) was started and alleviated the fatigue. However, when the betamethasone dose was increased to 2 mg/d, the fatigue, with muscle weakness and myalgia, worsened due to steroid-induced myopathy. We therefore switched from betamethasone (2 mg/d) to prednisolone (10 mg /d). The fatigue resolved and the patient returned to his previous condition. Case 3 was a 73-year-old man with recurrent bile duct cancer. He also had diabetes mellitus. He developed fatigue, anorexia and fever. We started betamethasone (1.5 mg/d) for these symptoms, but the fatigue and anorexia worsened due to steroid-induced hyperglycemia. Blood glucose rose to 532 mg/dL. Therefore, insulin therapy was started, and the dose of betamethasone was reduced to 0.5 mg/d. His glucose level decreased to less than 320 mg/dL and he recovered from the fatigue while achieving moderate oral intake. In conclusion, the possibility of steroid-induced secondary fatigue in terminally ill cancer patients should be taken into consideration.
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PMID:Aggravation of fatigue by steroid therapy in terminally ill patients with cancer. 2358 76


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