Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts:   Target Concepts:
Query: UMLS:C0011570 (depression)
 172,036 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Two observations of severe neuropsychiatric reactions occurring during chemoprophylaxis with mefloquine are reported. The first case regards a 43 years old woman who developed a severe depression with visual and auditive hallucinations and a paranoid delusion. She was treated by clomipramine and risperidone. The second case concerns a 55 years old man who developed an acute psychosis with confusion. He was treated with halopridol during a short time. He presented twice an acute psychosis during a chemoprophylaxis with mefloquine. Several cases of neuropsychiatric side effects with mefloquine chemoprophylaxis or treatment have been described. Authors estimate that one of 250 therapeutic users has severe neuropsychiatric reactions, compared with one of 10,000 to 15,000 in the prophylaxis users. Disorders could last from 15 minutes to several weeks. Women and patients with personal or familial antecedents of psychiatric disorders are more frequently concerned. Alcohol and the association with other antimalarial drugs (like quinine) are two other risk factors. Therefore, some advices may be suggested regarding the use of mefloquine for malaria prophylaxis and treatment.
 ...
PMID:[Neuropsychiatric symptoms in preventive antimalarial treatment with mefloquine: apropos of 2 cases]. 1106 42

The electrophysiological effects of the anti-malarial drug primaquine on cardiac Na(+) channels were examined in isolated rat ventricular muscle and myocytes. In isolated ventricular muscle, primaquine produced a dose-dependent and reversible depression of dV/dt during the upstroke of the action potential. In ventricular myocytes, primaquine blocked I(Na)(+) in a dose-dependent manner, with a K(d) of 8.2 microM. Primaquine (i) increased the time to peak current, (ii) depressed the slow time constant of I(Na)(+) inactivation, and (iii) slowed the fast component for recovery of I(Na)(+) from inactivation. Primaquine had no effect on: (i) the shape of the I - V curve, (ii) the reversal potential for Na(+), (iii) the steady-state inactivation and g(Na)(+) curves, (iv) the fast time constant of inactivation of I(Na)(+), and (v) the slow component of recovery from inactivation. Block of I(Na)(+) by primaquine was use-dependent. Data obtained using a post-rest stimulation protocol suggested that there was no closed channel block of Na(+) channels by primaquine. These results suggest that primaquine blocks cardiac Na(+) channels by binding to open channels and unbinding either when channels move between inactivated states or from an inactivated state to a closed state. Cardiotoxicity observed in patients undergoing malaria therapy with aminoquinolines may therefore be due to block of Na(+) channels, with subsequent disturbances of impulse conductance and contractility.
 ...
PMID:Inhibition of cardiac Na+ current by primaquine. 1183 23

During 1970-1973, a study was done on the Serer, a Senegalese tribe known to have difficulty in adapting to new situations. The study was done by the World Health Organization and the University in Dakar to determine the health differences, if any, of those still living in their rural environment and those residing in the city. 262 adults were surveyed in the rural area of Niakhar and 225 Serer natives living in the urban area of Dakir were also surveyed. Questionnaires were prepared dealing with sociodemographic, biomedical, mental health, housing and hygiene data. It was found that urban dwellers tended to be younger than their rural counterparts. There was also a greater percentage of Serer women who live in the city. Education was higher among those who lived in Dakar with male urban dwellers having a 13% higher ratio than women. Serer men who live in the city tend to socialize more with other groups while women mixed poorly saying that other cultures had "doubtful morality." Women who moved to Dakir trusted modern medicine, while urban dwelling men believed both in modern and folk medicine. 3 areas of medical concern were studied: precursors to heart disease, anemia, and infectious diseases. Little difference was observed between rural and urban populations for precursors to heart disease. Anemia was common in the rural area for both sexes. More malaria, intestinal parasites and tuberculosis were found in rural households. In regard to mental health, depression and anxiety are approximately the same for urban and rural dwellers while psychiatric syndrome, cerebral syndromes and personality disorders do appear more frequently in urban dwellers. The authors discuss the practical implications of their study and suggest further research that can be done to extend their analysis.
 ...
PMID:Migrants' health and adjustment to urban life--Senegal. 1226 63

The Indian government's plan to introduce the new long-acting contraceptive Norplant in the National Family Planning Program under pressure from the US government is opposed because Norplant has not been adequately tested. The government has reduced the funding for the national program for eradication of malaria and tuberculosis, but it is proposing to finance a Norplant based population project for the State of Uttar Pradesh. The powers that can turn a deaf ear to the possible hazards of Norplant. Implanted in the arm of a woman, the chemical is released into the bloodstream providing contraception for 5 years. Severe adverse reactions include depression, heart disease thromboembolism, high blood pressure, and ovarian cysts. Many such long-acting contraceptives are being developed including injectables, vaccines, nasal sprays, and vaginal rings with potential permanent impairment to fertility. One of the major objectives of the Family Planning Program is the improvement of the health status of women, but the introduction of Norplant would harm healthy young women. Therefore, the group Saheli and others in the campaign demand: 1) that plans for introduction of Norplant in the Family Planning Program be halted immediately; 2) that the introduction of any other long acting invasive contraceptive such as Net-En, vaginal ring, nasal spray, and anti-fertility vaccine be banned, both on the grounds of inadequacy of the health services and loss of user controls; 3) that information on the safety aspects of Norplant and the basis on which the Drugs Controller has granted his approval be made public; 4) that each and every one of the hundreds of women who still have the implant should be located, and the implant removed; and 5) that all hormonal contraceptive preparations be banned in the social marketing program as their use involves extensive monitoring.
 ...
PMID:Norplant campaign in India. 1228 26

TNF-alpha expression is elevated in a variety of neuropathologies, including multiple sclerosis, cerebral malaria and HIV encephalitis. However, the consequences of such high cerebral TNF-alpha expression remain unresolved. Here, using MRI, we demonstrate that a focal intrastriatal injection of TNF-alpha causes a significant, acute reduction (15-30%) in cerebral blood volume (CBV), which is dependent on TNF-alpha-type 2 receptor (TNFR2) activation, and can be ameliorated by pre-treatment with a non-specific endothelin (ET) receptor antagonist. An acute breakdown of the blood-cerebrospinal fluid barrier (B-CSF-B) and a delayed breakdown of the blood-brain barrier (BBB) were also observed using contrast-enhanced MRI. Furthermore, a significant reduction in tissue water diffusion was apparent 24 h after intrastriatal injection of TNF-alpha injection, which may indicate compromise of tissue energy metabolism. Prolonged expression of endogenous TNF-alpha, achieved through the use of an adenoviral vector expressing TNF-alpha cDNA (Ad5TNF-alpha(m)), caused a sustained depression in CBV in accordance with the single TNF-alpha bolus data. These findings identify vasoconstriction, disrupted tissue homeostasis and damage to the BBBs as adverse effects of TNF-alpha within the brain, and suggest that antagonists of the endothelin and TNF-alpha type 2 receptors may be therapeutic in TNF-alpha-associated neuropathologies.
 ...
PMID:TNF-alpha reduces cerebral blood volume and disrupts tissue homeostasis via an endothelin- and TNFR2-dependent pathway. 1239 Sep 71

Chloroquine, a common quinolone derivative used in the treatment of malaria, has been associated with neurologic side-effects including depression, psychosis and delirium. The neuropharmacologic effects of chloroquine were examined on cultured cortical neurons using microelectrode array (MEA) recording and the whole-cell patch clamp technique. Whole-cell patch clamp records under current-clamp mode also showed a chloroquine-induced depression of the firing rate of spontaneous action potentials by approximately 40%, consistent with the observations with the MEA recording, although no changes in either the baseline membrane potential or input resistance were observed. Voltage clamp recordings of spontaneous post-synaptic currents, recorded in the presence of tetrodotoxin, revealed no obvious changes in either the amplitude or rate of occurrence of inward currents with application of chloroquine at 10 microM, suggesting that the fundamental molecular mechanisms underlying spontaneous synaptic transmission may not be affected by acute application of the drug. In contrast, a concentration-dependent inhibition of whole-cell calcium current was observed in the presence of chloroquine. These acute neuropharmacologic changes were not accompanied by cytotoxic actions of the compound, even after exposure of up to 500 microM chloroquine for 7 h. These data suggest that chloroquine can depress in vitro neuronal activity, perhaps through inhibition of membrane calcium channels.
 ...
PMID:Acute neuropharmacologic action of chloroquine on cortical neurons in vitro. 1249 16

To investigate the effects of quinine on the electroretinograms (ERGs) of children with cerebral malaria (CM), we recruited subjects during a single malaria season in Blantyre, Malawi. Seventy ERG investigations were performed, on 34 children with CM. Time recorded from completion of the most recent quinine infusion was termed "quinine elapsed time" (QET). In a subgroup of 16 children, whole-blood quinine concentrations were estimated in a sample of capillary blood, for validation. A significant positive association was found between QET and both maximal-response A-wave amplitude (MRAWA; P=.03) and cone A-wave amplitude (P=.04). Longitudinal analysis demonstrated a significant trend of increasing MRAWA with increasing QET (P=.03). Parenteral quinine administered in therapeutic doses to a pediatric population appears to cause a transient depression in photoreceptor function. No evidence of ocular quinine toxicity was found at the therapeutic doses used.
 ...
PMID:The effect of quinine on the electroretinograms of children with pediatric cerebral malaria. 1269 18

Laboratory experiments were undertaken with Aedes aegypti infected with both Semliki Forest virus (SFV) from infant mice and Plasmodium gallinaceum from fowls to determine if such double infection of mosquitos suppressed their ability to transmit the malaria parasite, a possibility suggested to explain reduction in malaria transmission in Uganda in 1960 when Anopheles funestus and Anopheles gambiae were transmitting both malaria and o'nyongnyong virus to the African population. In general, transmission of fowl malaria was not prevented by SFV infection in Aedes, although some malariometric indices, and consistently the mean oocyst count, were slightly lower in doubly-infected mosquitos than in controls. In one experiment, however, 60% of the Aedes infected 8 days previously with SFV died within 48 hours of ingesting a malarious meal. Mortality was selectively in favour of the survival of SFV-infected mosquitos negative for, or least heavily infected with, malaria; depression in the presence of the virus of the intensity of malaria infection in the individual Aedes also occurred. Some physiological factor-a stress in adult life or, possibly more important, suboptimal larval nutrition-appears to have been crucial to eliciting the adverse effect on the mosquitos themselves and on their malaria infections. Suppression of the development of a malaria parasite in a mosquito, and of malaria transmission, by concurrent infection of the vector with an arbovirus can happen, but is by no means inevitable.It is shown that a doubly-infected Aedes can transmit both Semliki Forest virus and P. gallinaceum simultaneously.
 ...
PMID:PARTIAL SUPPRESSION OF MALARIA PARASITES, AND OF THE TRANSMISSION OF MALARIA, IN AEDES AEGYPTI (L.) DOUBLY-INFECTED WITH SEMLIKI FOREST VIRUS AND PLASMODIUM GALLINACEUM BRUMPT. 1427 5

Investigations on the behaviour of malaria vectors in DDT-sprayed houses are of special interest in malaria control campaigns. In the Northern Region of Nigeria the behaviour of the local vectors was studied by means of experimental huts fitted with exit window-traps. The results obtained show a marked reduction in the number of mosquitos entering the sprayed hut and a depression of the biting rate. The most striking observation is the large number of A. gambiae and of A. funestus that left the sprayed hut and the considerable proportion that escaped unharmed. Both figures show a very marked increase in subsequent months after spraying, indicating a rapid loss of the lethal action of the DDT residue along with a long-lasting irritant effect. It is concluded that under the particular local conditions the application of 1.9 g/m(2) DDT twice a year may not be sufficient to interrupt malaria transmission in the Northern Region of Nigeria.
 ...
PMID:Field experiments on the behavior of malaria vectors in an unsprayed hut and in a hut sprayed with DDT in Northern Nigeria. 1446 Mar 22

Cellular as well as humorol immune responses to malaria antigens fluctuate in time in individuals living in molono-endemic areas, particularly where malaria transmission is seasonal. The most pronounced changes are seen in association with clinical attacks, but osymptomatic infection can also lead to apparent immune depression. However, recent data have shown that seasonal variation in cellular immune responses may occur even in the absence of detectable porositaemia. Here, Lars Hviid and Thor G. Theonder review the seasonal variation in human immune responses to malaria, and discuss its possible causes and implications.
 ...
PMID:Seasonal changes in human immune responses to malaria. 1546 61


<< Previous 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Next >>