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Query: UMLS:C0011570 (depression)
 172,036 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

An examination was made of urinary catecholamine and metabolite outputs in 28 unipolar depressed patients and 25 normal controls. The total group of depressed patients had significantly higher urinary outputs of norepinephrine (NE) and its metabolite normetanephrine (NM), and significantly lower urinary outputs of the dopamine metabolite dihydroxyphenylacetic acid (DOPAC), than controls. Patients who met DSM-III criteria for a major depressive episode with melancholia (N = 8) had significantly higher urinary outputs of normetanephrine than controls, whereas patients with a major depressive episode without melancholia (N = 7) and dysthymic disorder patients (N = 8) had levels comparable with controls. We postulate that the higher urinary outputs of norepinephrine and its metabolite, normetanephrine, reflect dysregulation of the sympathetic nervous system in depression.
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PMID:Urinary monoamines and monoamine metabolites in subtypes of unipolar depressive disorder and normal controls. 376 72

The case of a 5-year-old child who developed a major depressive episode in the course of psychotherapy is presented. This episode, as well as a previous psychiatric crisis, seemed of psychogenic nature. A psychodynamic interpretation is offered, emphasizing the adaptive nature of depression.
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PMID:A major depression of psychogenic origin in a five-year-old. 378 8

The authors administered at least one dexamethasone suppression test (DST) and Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression (HRSD) simultaneously to 30 psychiatric inpatients following detoxification from alcohol. Twenty-five of these were also interviewed using the NIMH Diagnostic Interview Schedule (DIS). Fifteen patients had two or three sequential DSTs at weekly intervals. Seven of the patients were clinically diagnosed as having a major depressive episode based on close observation over 2 to 4 inpatient weeks free of psychotropic medications. Fifty-eight percent of the initial cortisol determinations with the first 2 weeks showed nonsuppression, as did 60% after 2 weeks. While the level of depressive symptoms was initially high (HRSD score greater than 20) for 48% of the 27 patients interviewed within 2 weeks of abstinence, depressive symptoms cleared within 2 weeks in half of these cases. There were no associations between DST results and the presence of DSM-III major depressive disorder (lifetime or current) as assessed by the NIMH DIS, scores on the HRSD, or the presence of liver disease (elevated admission SGOT or SGPT). By the 15th-day of abstinence an examination of the clinical course of depressive symptoms differentiated those patients with a persistent major depressive episode from those with transient, alcohol-related depressive symptoms. An early positive DST had a positive predictive value of 20% for a clinical diagnosis of a major depressive episode, and a negative predictive value of 73%. After 2 weeks the positive and negative predictive values were each 50%.
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PMID:The relationship between depression and the dexamethasone suppression test following alcohol withdrawal in a psychiatric population. 380 27

Nine patients meeting the DSM-111 criteria for major depressive episode were identified among 84 consecutive admissions to the Spinal Injuries Unit of the Austin Hospital. All were successfully treated with antidepressants. The means of recognition of depression, the differentiation of a depressive illness from grief and the implications for rehabilitation are discussed.
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PMID:Depression following acute spinal cord injury. 380 46

Thirty-three bulimic and 14 restrictive anorexics were compared on DSM-III diagnoses of affective and anxiety disorders, observer-rated and self-rated measures of depression and anxiety, and family history. A subgroup of 18 eating disorder subjects was administered the dexamethasone suppression test. The same 18 subjects were compared to 13 subjects with affective disorder on the Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia. It was found that a large group with bulimia and restrictive anorexia nervosa was subject to a depressive disorder. Thirty-eight percent of the sample fulfilled criteria for a major depressive episode. The dysphoric experience seemed as intense in the bulimic and restricter group. There was a high incidence of dexamethasone nonsuppression (55%), which was found to be related to various measures of depression. Bulimics and restricters differed in their family history of affective disorder. While 61% of bulimics had a positive history of depression, this was found in only 23% of restricters (p less than .03).
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PMID:Affective disturbance in eating disorders. 385 81

A patient with a postoperative posterior right hemisphere lesion underwent neuropsychological testing during a major depressive episode, and again following remission of the depression. Qualitative visuoconstructive deficits typical of right hemisphere damage were present when the patient was depressed, but were absent following treatment of the depression. Verbal intelligence, cooperation, and vigilance were normal. The case suggests that depression may accentuate focal cognitive signs of fixed lesions in the absence of global impairment of function.
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PMID:Focal cognitive deficits accentuated by depression. 396 47

There is a paucity of information concerning the interrelationship of psychiatric and neuroendocrine abnormalities in pseudocyesis. We have studied two patients using a multimodal investigatory approach, with particular attention to the association of depression and alterations in endocrine secretory patterns. Both patients had abnormal growth hormone secretory patterns, as demonstrated by lack of sleep-associated peaks and the absence of a response to L-dopa administration. Both patients had elevated testosterone and estradiol levels and normal prolactin levels. Only the patient who met DSM III criteria for a major depressive episode had abnormally elevated luteinizing hormone (LH) levels and large LH pulse amplitudes. These findings, together with a review of cases reported in the literature, suggest that no single neuroendocrine profile is common to all patients with pseudocyesis.
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PMID:Pseudocyesis: psychologic and neuroendocrine interrelationships. 397 27

Grief is a normal reaction to the loss of physical function. Its symptoms, however, are often mistaken for major depressive episode and treatment may be inappropriate. Symptoms of grief include a preoccupation with the lost object (a limb, a function, a loved one), somatic distress, inappropriate behavior, hostility, and denial. Depression may be a manifestation of illness or drug therapy. Grief should be treated like a major depressive episode but without antidepressive medications. The first step in management of grief is the development of a proper therapeutic milieu which will encourage the reappearance of self worth. Once the milieu is established, specific rehabilitation problems can be addressed. In formulating a prognosis, it is important to consider the severity of the patient's disability, the premorbid psychologic make-up, and the type of family and community support available to the patient.
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PMID:Grief in chronic illness: assessment and management. 401 57

Personal construct psychology has contributed substantially to our understanding of psychopathology. The few studies of personal construct psychology in depression have focused on the content of self-constructs and cognitive complexity. The purpose of this study was to examine the construct system in depressed patients by investigating the relation of depressive symptoms to the content of constructs about others, cognitive complexity, and ordination. Participants were divided into three groups of 25. The depressed group had either a major depressive episode or dysthymic disorder; psychiatric controls had nonaffective psychological disorders; normal controls were hospital employees who had not exhibited psychological distress. Results indicated no differences among the three groups in cognitive complexity. However, normal controls exhibited a higher degree of ordination than either patient group. Furthermore, depressed and psychiatric controls utilized ambiguous constructs more than normal subjects. Finally, symptom severity within the depressed group related to the use of ambiguous and undesirable constructs. On the basis of these and others' results, a "two-level" personal construct explanation of depression is offered. On a comprehensive level, ordination and the use of ambiguous constructs could be viewed as relating to general psychological adaptation, whereas negative self-construing (and perhaps ambiguous construing) may relate more directly to depression. Therapeutic implications and directions for future research are discussed.
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PMID:Ordination and cognitive complexity as related to clinical depression. 402 Mar 75

Maximum nocturnal serum melatonin level (MTmax) in relation to some clinical variables was studied in 32 patients with a major depressive episode and in 33 healthy subjects with reference to the outcome of the dexamethasone suppression test (DST). Significant regressions were found between MTmax levels and clinical rating scores in CPRS, interpreted as retardation symptoms. Four healthy subjects with disposition for dysthymic reactions had subnormal MTmax levels, which differed from MTmax levels in subjects without such disposition. Patients but not the healthy subjects, who reported parental loss before 17 years of age, had subnormal MTmax levels and differed from patients with no reported parental loss. Patients with no reported suicidal behaviour in clinical history had significantly lower MTmax levels than patients with reported suicide attempts. No relations were found between low MTmax levels and diagnoses, duration of illness, reported inheritance for depressive illness or sleep disturbances. A hypothetical low melatonin syndrome in depression is proposed: low nocturnal melatonin, abnormal dexamethasone suppression test, disturbed 24-h rhythm of cortisol, less pronounced daily and annual cyclic variation in depressive symptomatology.
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PMID:Serum melatonin in relation to clinical variables in patients with major depressive disorder and a hypothesis of a low melatonin syndrome. 403 76


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