Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0011570 (depression)
 172,036 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

In an open study of 12 inpatients who met the DSM-III criteria for a major depressive episode, the effects of clomipramine (CI) on the monoamine metabolites 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5-HIAA), homovanillic acid (HVA), 4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl glycol (HMPG) in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) were measured simultaneously with the effects on 3H-imipramine binding, serotonin (5-HT) uptake and 5-HT concentration in platelets after 3 and 6 weeks of treatment. Drug (CI and desmethylclomipramine) plasma concentrations were determined. The concentrations of 5-HIAA and HMPG decreased substantially, and the concentration of HVA remained unchanged. There was also a large and significant reduction of the number of imipramine binding sites (Bmax) and of the platelet 5-HT concentration. The 5-HT uptake was not measurable after 3 weeks of treatment. None of the parameters changed significantly between weeks 3 and 6. There were no significant correlations between antidepressant effect (measured by the Montgomery-Asberg Depression Rating Scale) and plasma drug concentrations, although a tendency to a significant correlation between antidepressant effect and CI was observed at 3 weeks. There were no significant intercorrelations between the different 5-HT parameters and no other significant correlations between the biochemical measures and clinical outcome.
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PMID:Effects of clomipramine treatment on cerebrospinal fluid monoamine metabolites and platelet 3H-imipramine binding and serotonin uptake and concentration in major depressive disorder. 170 90

The interaction of age and depression was investigated by comparing differences between elderly (greater than or equal to 60 years old) and younger consecutive in- and out-patient referrals to a tertiary referral mood disorders unit. Older patients with unipolar major depressive episode were more likely to be psychotic and agitated regardless of depressive subtype and less likely to have personality inadequacies or a family history of affective disorder. In this sample, elderly depressives' rating of diagnosis, severity, endogeneity and social impairment were similar, irrespective of age of first onset of depression, but a positive family history and personality abnormalities were less likely in late-onset depressives.
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PMID:Age and depression. 177 29

The efficacy and tolerability of the selective 5-HT reuptake inhibitor fluvoxamine were compared with the tricyclic dothiepin in 52 elderly (age greater than 64 years) hospital patients in a multi-centre double-blind randomised trial. Patients met DSM-III criteria for 'major depressive episode' and scored greater than 29 on the Montgomery Asberg Depression Rating Scale (MADRS) after a one-week placebo baseline. Active treatment was for six weeks. The dosage of both drugs was 50 mg nocte for three days, 100 mg nocte for the remainder of the first week, thereafter increasing to a maximum of 200 mg/day according to response/tolerance. MADRS scores improved by 63.5% with fluvoxamine and 60.0% with dothiepin; there were no significant differences between treatments at any assessment. Nausea, dizziness, headache, somnolence and constipation in both groups, plus dry mouth and asthenia in the dothiepin group were more frequent than single reports. Two patients in each group discontinued treatment owing to unwanted effects. There were no clinically significant changes in haematological, biochemical or cardiovascular parameters.
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PMID:A double-blind, randomised comparison of fluvoxamine with dothiepin in the treatment of depression in elderly patients. 181 Mar 58

This study used structured diagnostic interviews and DSM-III criteria to assess lifetime prevalence and pre-morbid risk of psychiatric disorder in a sample of men with long-standing chronic back pain (CLPB) attending a primary care clinic. A control group of age and demographically matched men without history of back pain was also studied. Compared to controls, men with CLBP had significantly higher lifetime rates of major depression (32% vs. 16%), alcohol use disorder (64.9% vs. 38.8%), and a major anxiety disorder (30.9% vs. 14.3%). Almost all CLBP men ever experiencing a mood disorder reported recurrent, not single, episodes. The 6 month point prevalence of major depression, but not other disorders, was also significantly elevated for men with CLBP. In CLBP, the first episode of major depression generally (58.1%) followed pain onset. While the initial major depressive episode usually commenced within the first 2 years of established pain, late onset mood disorder was also common. By comparison in most cases (81%) onset of alcohol use disorders considerably preceded pain. When an age-matching procedure was used to gauge relative vulnerability to psychiatric illness in patients and controls, CLBP patients had significantly higher pre-pain rates of alcohol use disorder but not depression. After age of pain onset, CLBP subjects had over 9 times the risk of developing major depression, but had similar rates of developing alcoholism. We conclude that (1) alcohol use disorders rather than depression may increase risk of developing CLBP, and (2) risk of new onset and recurrent major depression remains high for men throughout their pain career. This suggests that psychological adaptation to long-standing pain may be less successful than previously thought, especially with regard to recurrent mood disorder.
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PMID:Prevalence, onset, and risk of psychiatric disorders in men with chronic low back pain: a controlled study. 183 55

In a 12-week double-blind study with 36 patients with major depressive episode (DSM-III), paroxetine (Seroxat, Aropax) showed significantly quicker onset of efficacy on the Melancholia Scale, and better tolerance than imipramine. Plasma concentration analyses showed no clear concentration-efficacy correlation in either treatment group. During long-term treatment paroxetine seemed to be superior to imipramine in preventing relapse; both treatments were well tolerated. A significant correlation between baseline plasma tryptophan: large neutral amino acids ratio and final Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression (HRSD) score and a trend towards an inverse correlation between this ratio and percentage reduction in HRSD score were seen in the paroxetine group but not in the imipramine group. In line with previous studies, these results support the hypothesis that paroxetine is an effective and well tolerated antidepressant.
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PMID:Paroxetine and imipramine treatment of depressive patients in a controlled multicentre study with plasma amino acid measurements. 183 51

Depressive symptoms are frequent in panic disorder. Among 123 Scandinavian patients participating in a placebo-controlled multicenter study of the efficacy of alprazolam and imipramine treatment in panic disorder, 21% and 23% fulfilled the DSM-III criteria of current and past major depressive episode, respectively, and 17% had dysthymia, even when melancholia and depressive episode with onset prior to the panic symptoms were excluded. According to a subscale of the Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression (HRSD) with higher validity than the full scale, 18% were classified as major depression and 57% as minor depression. A major finding was that patients with affective symptoms had higher scores on many psychopathological measures, including several Symptom Checklist-90 factors. Accordingly, secondary depression was suggested as an indicator of the severity of panic disorder. Depressed and nondepressed patients significantly improved on major outcome measures, but patients with current minor or major depression improved less. Although the sample was too small for detailed analysis of differences in drug efficacy, there was no indication that imipramine was more effective than alprazolam, considering scores on an HRSD subscale.
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PMID:Secondary depression in panic disorder: an indicator of severity with a weak effect on outcome in alprazolam and imipramine treatment. 186 33

The relationship between severity of depression and the P300 latency of auditory event-related potential was investigated in 36 patients with a major depressive episode according to DSM-III. Positive correlations were found between of the P300 latency and the total score of the Bech-Rafaelsen Melancholia Scale (BRMS), the 4 retardation items of the BRMS (motor, verbal, intellectual and emotional) and the item for lowered mood. In contrast, latencies were not associated with the scores of the Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression, which considers retardation to a lesser extent than the BRMS.
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PMID:Latencies of the P300 component of the auditory event-related potential in depression are related to the Bech-Rafaelsen Melancholia Scale but not to the Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression. 188 95

In this psychopathological study, the subjective experience of anxiety was investigated in depressive patients by means of a semistructured interview. Both International Classification of Diseases-9 (ICD-9) diagnostic criteria (melancholia or neurotic depression; N = 160 or 93, respectively) and the DSM-III classification system (major depressive episode with or without "melancholia"; N = 63 or 153, respectively) were applied. Anxiety can be identified in virtually all patients examined. In contrast, the themes of anxiety are subject to substantial differences. There is a statistically significant correlation between the extent of anxiety and the severity of depression by the Hamilton Depression Scale (Ham-D). However, a distinction between anxiety and depression is possible in the majority of cases if the contents of anxiety are taken into account.
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PMID:Anxiety in depressive disorders. 188 1

This is a multicentre double-blind study of fluvoxamine versus mianserin in the treatment of major depressive episode in patients over 65 years of age. Fifty-seven patients received either fluvoxamine (100-200 mg daily) or mianserin (40-80 mg daily). There was no statistically significant difference in improvement between the 2 treatment groups as measured by the Montgomery-Asberg Depression Rating Scale. Eleven patients (7 in the fluvoxamine group and 4 in the mianserin group) discontinued treatment because of intolerance. No statistically significant differences were seen in biological parameters with either drug. Both drugs improved the symptoms of depression though the overall response rate was not outstanding. The side effects profile for the fluvoxamine was contrary to previous studies in that frequent nausea and vomiting were not seen.
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PMID:Double-blind comparative multicentre study of fluvoxamine and mianserin in the treatment of major depressive episode in elderly people. 190 83

Excessive secretion of macrophage monokines is proposed as the cause of depression. Monokines when given to volunteers can produce the symptoms necessary for the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Third Edition Revised (DSM-III-R) diagnosis of major depressive episode. Interleukin-1 (IL-1) can provoke the hormone abnormalities linked with depression. This theory provides an explanation for the significant association of depression with coronary heart disease, rheumatoid arthritis, stroke and other diseases where macrophage activation occurs. The 3:1 female/male incidence of depression ratio is accounted for by estrogen's ability to activate macrophages. The extraordinary low rate of depression in Japan is consistent with the suppressive effect of eicosapentanoic acid on macrophages. Fish oil is proposed as a prophylaxis against depression and omega-6 fat as a promoter. Infection, tissue damage, respiratory allergies and antigens found in food are some of the possible causes of macrophage activation triggering depression.
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PMID:The macrophage theory of depression. 194 79


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