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Query: UMLS:C0011570 (depression)
 172,036 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Comparison of data from 1951 and from 1966-77 indicates that there has been no substantial change in the numerical aspect of semen quality over this period. Other researchers have suggested that a depression of spermatogenesis has occurred in US males. The 1951 baseline data are taken from MacLeod and Gold's study of 1000 "infertile marriage" patients. Modern trends are extrapolated from the authors' survey of the ejaculate volume and sperm counts in 14,476 men evaluated in 1966-77 because of infertile marriages. 9000 of these men were receiving their 1st semen examination, whereas 5476 had been examined elsewhere prior to referral. Semen specimens were obtained by masturbation after 3 days of continence in both studies. Over time, no consistent trend in sperm count was detected. The median count among the 1000 men examined in 1951 was 74 million/ml, whereas the median among the 9000 men examined sequentially in 1966-77 was 76.5 million/ml. In terms of the overall count frequency distribution, 16% of those in the 1951 study fell in the or= 20 million/ml class compared with 15.1% of those in the 1966-77 study group. The proportions of those in the 100 million/ml group were 38% and 36.5%, respectively. None of these differences are significant. The average ejaculate volume of the 14,476 recent patients remained stable at 3.2 ml throughout the study period. Most notable was the orderly nature of the sperm count frequency distributions around the medians over the 1966-77 decade. Critical analysis of other studies from the 1951-77 period points to the need for clear definition of the types of populations studied since population nuances can produce some divergent results. For example, subjects from infertile marriages appearing for their 1st semen examination have the best semen qualtiy of any infertility population. Although no change was noted in semen quality standards, the authors concur with earlier suggestions that the minimal standards recommended by the American Fertility Society be modified. It is particularly urged that the present minimum sperm count of 40 million/ml be reduced and accompanied by a rider that any count level is meaningless unless the sperm motility parameter is included. Future articles will focus on changes in the qualitative aspects of ejaculate, sperm motility, and sperm morphology. The authors expect to demonstrate that significant changes have occurred in these parameters since 1951.
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PMID:Male fertility potential in terms of semen quality: a review of the past, a study of the present. 36 23

Two hundred sixteen consecutive infertility patients were examined with the Doppler ultrasonic stethoscope to detect incompetence of the gonadal vein valves, the precursor of frank varicocele. All 75 men with clinically palpable varicoceles had positive Doppler findings. In 33 cases varicocele could not be definitely excluded because of unsatisfactory physical examinations; the Doppler findings were negative in 13, positive in 13 and equivocal in 7 of these men. Eighty-nine men had no evidence of varicocele on physical examination and negative Doppler findings. However, 19, patients with no palpable varicocele had positive Doppler examinations. With respect to testicular size and semen quality, this subclinical varicocele group could not be clearly distinguished from patients with idiopathic semen quality depression. Nevertheless, five men with subclinical varicocele and oligoasthenospermia underwent internal spermatic vein ligation. Postoperatively, four had negative Doppler examinations. Two patients showed a significant improvement in semen quality, and both men fathered children after several months. We believe that these preliminary results justify further investigation of "subclinical varicocele".
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PMID:A preliminary report of "subclinical varicocele": diagnosis by Doppler ultrasonic stethoscope. Examination and initial results of surgical therapy. 43 82

Male pesticide applicators who worked with the nematocide dibromochloropropane (DBCP) were examined to determine the possible testicular toxicity from this exposure. Infertility and azoospermia which were first noted among factory workers exposed to DBCP were not observed among the applicators. Sperm count depression, however, was associated with the duration of exposure in the current year but not with exposure in past years. The extent of exposure to DBCP in the current year was also associated with an elevation of serum follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) but not of luteinizing hormone (LH). Sperm count depression was limited to applicators involved in irrigation setup work and in the calibration of equipment. These results suggest that the testicular toxicity of DBCP for men may occur in a shorter period than was previously reported, that the effect may be reversible in men with mild sperm count depression, and that public health measures might be directed at controlling specific application techniques.
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PMID:Sperm count depression in pesticide applicators exposed to dibromochloropropane. 45 71

The incidence of oestrus was depressed in ewes with permanent clover infertility running on non-oestrogenic pasture, particularly in the first part of the breeding season. The depression was due to the failure of some ewes to display oestrus, and to a more erratic pattern of oestrous activity in the other ewes. The incidence of oestrus was restored to normal by treatment with progesterone. In contrast, the incidence of oestrus was reduced in affected ewes grazing in oestrogenic pasture.
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PMID:Depressed incidence of oestrus in ewes with clover disease at the beginning of the breeding season. 57 78

This study describes sexual activity, nocturnal penile erections, and mood states as a function of serum levels of androgens in previously untreated hypogonadal men before and during hormone replacement, selected infertile men (elevated serum follicle-stimulating hormone levels), and normal men. Nocturnal penile tumescence and rigidity were measured with a portable monitor, and sexual activity and mood were assessed by prospective, self-reported written forms. Nocturnal erections were absent or of very low amplitude and duration in the untreated hypogonadal men compared to the infertile and normal men. Nocturnal erections increased steadily during hormone replacement and were in the normal range within 6 to 12 months of treatment. In contrast, serum testosterone concentration rapidly reached the upper range of normal. During treatment, the hypogonadal men reported increases in several aspects of sexual activity, including sexual interest and the number of spontaneous erections. On mood inventories, the untreated hypogonadal men scored significantly higher in ratings of depression, anger, fatigue, and confusion than did infertile and normal men. During hormonal replacement therapy these scores decreased, although the hypogonadal men continued to score higher in "depression" than did infertile and normal men. In most instances, the men with infertility and the normal men were statistically indistinguishable in nocturnal penile tumescence and rigidity parameters, self-reported sexual activity, and mood state. These data support the hypothesis that androgen treatment increases nocturnal and spontaneous erections, and sexual interest, and has some capacity to improve mood.
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PMID:A long-term, prospective study of the physiologic and behavioral effects of hormone replacement in untreated hypogonadal men. 139 30

During the past decade, the development of various gonadotrophin-releasing hormone (Gn-RH) agonists, which induce reversible hypo-oestrogenism has opened a new area in the medical management of endometriosis. In an open, multicentre phase III study, the efficacy, tolerance and safety of the Gn-RH agonist leuprorelin acetate were tested. The preliminary results of 104 women treated in seven German centres are presented. Pelvic endometriosis was diagnosed by laparoscopy and classified according to the American Fertility Society scoring system: 33% of patients had minimal, 22% mild, 28% moderate and 8% severe endometriosis and in 9% no pathological results were obtained. The patients' mean age was 30 +/- 6 years and 66 had infertility problems. Treatment was started within the first 3 days of the menstrual cycle and consisted of a subcutaneous injection of leuprorelin acetate 3.75 mg, repeated once monthly over 24 weeks. A follow-up period of 12 months after the last injection has been completed in 70 patients, including a second laparoscopy. At all visits, symptoms were evaluated, physical examinations performed, and blood samples collected for haematological screening, serum chemistry determinations and measurement of the gonadotrophins oestradiol and progesterone and leuprorelin acetate. The median score at laparoscopy fell from 12 before operation to 8 after operation and 2 after treatment with leuprorelin acetate. Of the total number of patients, 89% had improvements in their endometriosis, 8% a deterioration and 3% no change. Patients reported improvement in the following: dysmenorrhoea 93%, dyspareunia 62% and pelvic pain 70%. However, all women complained of at least one of the following symptoms: hot flushes 86%, sleep disturbance 62%, sweating 61%, headache 41%, nausea 32% and depression 20%. Fifty-five percent of patients reported additional side effects such as vaginal dryness, fatigue and lower abdominal pain. After the third injection, amenorrhoea persisted in 94% of the women. Four weeks after the first leuprorelin acetate injection median concentrations of oestradiol fell from 45 pg/ml to 11 pg/ml, follicle-stimulating hormone from 7 U/L to 3 U/L and luteinising hormone from 5 U/L to 1 U/L and remained almost unchanged over the observation period. During the 6 months' treatment, laboratory parameters showed no significant deviations from normal; only total cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol and alkaline phosphatase increased. Treatment results were judged as good and satisfactory in 82% and 11% of cases, respectively. On the basis of this study, it can be concluded that leuprorelin acetate treatment is safe, well tolerated and effective in the medical management of endometriosis and endometriosis-related complaints.
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PMID:Treatment of endometriosis with leuprorelin acetate depot: a German multicentre study. 153 21

This review focuses upon studies of psychological aspects of infertility, as well as on some of the issues and implications which arise from the research. It appears that the major difficulty facing patients during infertility treatment is anxiety, while couples whose treatment was unsuccessful are instead at risk for depression. The long-term consequences for families created as a result of assisted conception are also considered.
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PMID:Psychological functioning in infertility patients. 157 32

To explore the impact of infertility on psychological functioning 130 couples presenting with primary infertility were assessed at their initial visit to an infertility clinic. Of these, 116 couples were assessed on a second occasion some 7-9 months later when in most cases the medical tests were complete. Measures of personality, psychopathology, perceived social support, sex role identity and marital state were obtained from both partners. The set was subsequently divided into five subgroups on the basis of the diagnosis made or the outcome (female cause, male cause, female and male cause, unexplained and pregnant). The results show little evidence of psychopathology in the sample, depression scores remained low throughout the period of investigation. The results also indicated stable marital relationships. Scores on tests of anxiety and psychiatric morbidity declined between the first and second assessment except in the case of men who were diagnosed with a fertility problem. The implications of these findings are discussed in the increased use of donor insemination which circumvents rather than treats the problem of male infertility.
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PMID:The impact of infertility on psychological functioning. 161 85

This study was designed to investigate concurrently the psychological and hormonal changes at three critical points during in vitro fertilization (IVF) treatment. One hundred thirteen couples suffering from mechanical and unexplained infertility participated in the study and 23 of them conceived. Psychological evaluation included background questionnaires, Lubin's Depression Adjective Check List, and Spielberger's State Trait Anxiety inventory. Cortisol and prolactin levels were estimated by radioimmunoassay. The results showed that patients' anxiety and depression scores were significantly higher than the population norm. Psychological test scores and hormonal levels showed a similar pattern of change, increasing on oocyte retrieval day, decreasing on embryo transfer day, and rising again on pregnancy test day. Differences between these phases were generally significant. Differences in parameters' means between conceiving (C) and nonconceiving (NC) women were generally not significant. However, correlations between psychological measures and hormonal levels showed a clear disparity between C and NC women in the last phase. Whereas significant negative correlations were found in C patients, no relationship was found in NC patients. The findings suggest that success in IVF treatment may depend, in part, on differential modes of coping with anxiety and depression, involving hormonal or endorphin mediation.
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PMID:Psychological and hormonal changes in the course of in vitro fertilization. 162 33

The levels of hormones and some bioactive substances were measured in women of a reproductive age, suffering from alcoholism, with different stages and duration of this condition. Studies of the serotonin-reactive, cholinergic, and cholino-reactive systems have shown a discordant activity of the neuromediator systems: reduced activity of the serotonin-reactive and elevated tone of the cholinergic systems. The findings evidence that chronic alcohol poisoning is associated with activation of the hypothalamohypophyseal system followed by depression of this activity with the progress of alcoholism. Alcoholism involves disordered functioning of the ovaries, thyroid, and adrenals; these disorders may augment due to direct toxic effect of alcohol and its metabolites on the endocrine glands. All this eventuates in menstrual dysfunction and infertility.
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PMID:[Hormonal changes and biologically active substances in alcoholic women in the reproductive age]. 172 14


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