Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0011570 (depression)
 172,036 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Toxicology and carcinogenesis studies of pentachloronitrobenzene (99% pure), a fungicide, were conducted by administering diets containing 0, 2,500, or 5,000 ppm pentachloronitrobenzene to groups of 50 B6C3F1 mice of each sex for 103 weeks. These doses were selected because, in 13-week studies in which the chemical was administered in feed at doses up to 20,000 ppm in male mice and up to 40,000 ppm in female mice, body weight gain depression was observed at 10,000 ppm and above in males and female and deaths occurred at 40,000 ppm in females. The National Cancer Institute had conducted 2-year (diet) studies in B6C3F1 mice and Osborne-Mendel rats (See TR-61 reported in 1978). Survival among male mice was low, not all livers were examined from dosed female mice, and the size of the control group was considered to be small. For these reasons, the NCI decided to conduct additional 13-week and 2-year studies in B6C3F1 mice. Under the conditions of the NCI studies, pentachloronitrobenzene was not carcinogenic in either Osborne-Mendel rats or B6C3F1 mice. In the studies reported in this Technical Report, the survival of male mice was comparable among control and dosed groups (control, 35/50; low dose, 31/50; high dose, 32/50). Final mean body weights of low dose and high dose male mice were 96% and 90% that of the controls. All groups of female mice showed evidence of bacterial infection. At week 84, survival in dosed and control female mice was 38/50; 34/50; 30/50; after week 84, survival in dosed groups decreased, with the final survival being 30/50; 20/50; 15/50. The mean body weight of high dose female mice was more than 10% lower than that of the control group after week 20 and was 21% lower than controls at week 104. The mean body weight of low dose female mice was within 10% that of the control group until week 88 and was 18% lower than controls at week 104. No compound-related neoplastic lesions were seen in either male or female mice. The nonneoplastic lesions observed in female mice were considered to be secondary to bacterial infection (primarily Klebsiella) and included hematopoiesis of the liver (9/50; 21/50; 23/50) and spleen (14/50; 23/48; 27/50), plasma cell hyperplasia of the mediastinal lymph nodes (1/44; 4/47; 9/45), and ovarian abscesses (12/49; 22/50; 29/50). Pentachloronitrobenzene was not mutagenic in Salmonella typhimurium strains TA98, TA100, TA1535, or TA1537 in the presence or absence of Aroclor 1254-induced male Syrian hamster or male Sprague-Dawley rat liver S9 when tested according to the preincubational protocol. Pentachloronitrobenzene was not mutagenic at the TK+/- locus of L5178Y mouse lymphoma cells in the presence or absence of Aroclor 1254-induced F344/N rat liver S9. In cultured Chinese hamster ovary cells, pentachloronitrobenzene did not induce sister-chromatid exchanges but did induce chromosomal aberrations both with and without Aroclor 1254-induced male Sprague-Dawley rat liver S9. An audit of the experimental data was conducted for the 2-year studies of pentachloronitrobenzene. No data discrepancies were found that influenced the final interpretations. Under the conditions of these 2-year feed studies, there was no evidence of carcinogenicity for either male or female B6C3F1 mice receiving 2,500 or 5,000 ppm of pentachloronitrobenzene. Infection is considered to have decreased survival of the female mice and thus reduced the sensitivity for determining the presence or absence of a carcinogenic response. Synonyms or Trade Names: Avicolreg.; PCNB; quintozene; Botrilexreg.; Brassicolreg.;Folosanreg.; PKhNB; Tilcarexreg.; Terraclorreg.; Tritosanreg.
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PMID:NTP Toxicology and Carcinogenesis Studies of Pentachloronitrobenzene (CAS No. 82-68-8) in B6C3F1 Mice (Feed Studies). 1274 28

Infections of ostriches with avian influenza A viruses are generally associated with clinical disease, but the occasional high mortality in young birds does not appear to be related directly to virus pathotype. In this study we investigated the pathogenesis of two H7 viruses for 11-wk-old ostriches inoculated intranasally, and clinical symptoms, virus excretion, and immune response were studied. One of the viruses (A/Ostrich/Italy/1038/00) was highly pathogenic for chickens, whereas the other (A/Ostrich/South Africa/1609/91) was of low pathogenicity for chickens. Clinical signs in ostriches receiving virulent virus were slight depression and hemorrhagic diarrhea, while the group receiving avirulent virus was clinically normal except for green diarrhea. Both viruses were transmitted to in-contact sentinel birds housed with the infected groups 3 days postinfection. Postmortem examination of the birds infected (including the sentinel bird) with virus highly pathogenic for chickens were grossly normal except for localized pneumonic lesions. The results of the study are presented and discussed.
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PMID:Pathogenesis of H7 influenza A viruses isolated from ostriches in the homologous host infected experimentally. 1457 32

Self-compatible hermaphroditic organisms that mix self-fertilization and outcrossing are of great interest for investigating the evolution of mating systems. We investigate the evolution of selfing in Lymnaea truncatula, a self-compatible hermaphroditic freshwater snail. We first analyze the consequences of selfing in terms of genetic variability within and among populations and then investigate how these consequences along with the species ecology (harshness of the habitat and parasitism) might govern the evolution of selfing. Snails from 13 localities (classified as temporary or permanent depending on their water availability) were sampled in western Switzerland and genotyped for seven microsatellite loci. F(IS) (estimated on adults) and progeny array analyses (on hatchlings) provided similar selfing rate estimates of 80%. Populations presented a low polymorphism and were highly differentiated (F(ST) = 0.58). Although the reproductive assurance hypothesis would predict higher selfing rate in temporary populations, no difference in selfing level was observed between temporary and permanent populations. However, allelic richness and gene diversity declined in temporary habitats, presumably reflecting drift. Infection levels varied but were not simply related to either estimated population selfing rate or to differences in heterozygosity. These findings and the similar selfing rates estimated for hatchlings and adults suggest that within-population inbreeding depression is low in L. truncatula.
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PMID:Evolutionary implications of a high selfing rate in the freshwater snail Lymnaea truncatula. 1462 18

The single and combined effects of ozone (O(3)) and Fusarium oxysporum on growth and disease expression of soybean genotypes differing in foliar sensitivity to O(3) were studied in the greenhouse. O(3) had no effect on root and hypocotyl rot severity of PI 153.283 (O(3)-sensitive, S) or PI 189.907 (O(3)-tolerant, T) maturity group I soybean lines. Plants of both genotypes infected with F. oxysporum and exposed to O(3) had greater reductions in relative growth rate (RGR), net assimilation rate (NAR), and had more stippled leaves per plant than Fusarium-free plants exposed to O(3). O(3) alone had a greater impact on shoot dry weight, RGR, and NAR of PI 153.283 (S) than of PI 189.907 (T). O(3) alone reduced shoot and root dry weights primarily through a depression in NAR and less through reduced leaf area. F. oxysporum alone reduced root dry weight at 35 days; however, infected plants responded with increases in root dry weight from 49 to 63 days. Similarly, F. oxysporum alone lowered early RGR but subsequent RGR decline was less rapid while NAR remained high, particularly during later sampling intervals. Infection by F. oxysporum that causes root and hypocotyl rot increased soybean sensitivity to O(3) by prolonging active vegetative growth.
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PMID:Growth and disease response of soybeans from early maturity groups to ozone and Fusarium oxysporum. 1509 91

The scientific literature of the past century is reviewed on fowl plague (presently termed highly pathogenic avian influenza, HPAI) in pigeons. HPAI viruses cause epidemic disease outbreaks with high rates of losses in many avian species, particularily in chickens and turkeys. Also susceptible to disease are quails, guinea fowl, ducks, geese, ostriches, passerine birds, and birds of prey whereas conflicting reports on the susceptibility of the domestic pigeon exist. Based on literature reports and on own experiments, and applying as criteria for judgements clinically overt forms of disease, virus multiplication plus shedding and seroconversion, it is concluded that domestic pigeons are only partially susceptible to influenza A viruses of the haemagglutinin subtype H7. Infection of pigeons with H7 viruses results only in some of them in signs, virus shedding and seroconversion. Using the same criteria, pigeons appear to be even less susceptible to infection with influenza A viruses of the H5 subtype. Only one of five publications describe in 1/19 pigeons exposed to H5 influenza A virus depression one day before death, and only 2/19 multiplied and excreted virus, and 1/19 developed circulating antibodies. Consequently, pigeons play only a minor role in the epidemiology of H5 influenza viruses. In contrast, following infection with influenza A virus of the subtype H7 clinical signs in pigeons consist of conjunctivitis, tremor, paresis of wings and legs, and wet droppings. H7-infected pigeons multiply and excrete H7 viruses and develop circulating antibodies. Albeit of the status of infection, free-flying domestic pigeons can act as mechanical vectors and vehicles for long-distance transmission of any influenza A virus if plumage or feet were contaminated.
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PMID:Review of the literature on avian influenza A viruses in pigeons and experimental studies on the susceptibility of domestic pigeons to influenza A viruses of the haemagglutinin subtype H7. 1564 16

Mycoplasma bovis infection was experimentally induced in groups of six young calves. A further group was uninfected and served as a control. Ten days after infection, medication with either enrofloxacin (Baytril, Bayer) or valnemulin (Econor, Novartis) was instituted via the milk replacer for a further 10 days, after which all calves were killed. Infection resulted in depression, pyrexia, inappetance and prominent respiratory signs. Arthritis occurred in two animals and two (unmedicated) animals died. At post-mortem examination extensive lesions were present in the lungs and M. bovis was re-isolated from infected unmedicated calves' lungs. Medication with either enrofloxacin or valnemulin resulted in a rapid diminution of clinical signs, restoration of appetite and reversal of weight loss. Isolation of Pasteurella multocida from the calves' lungs was suppressed by both medicaments. Valnemulin resulted in a more rapid reduction of clinical scores and eliminated M. bovis from the lungs more effectively than enrofloxacin.
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PMID:The efficacy of valnemulin (Econor) in the control of disease caused by experimental infection of calves with Mycoplasma bovis. 1576 39

Effective methods to diminish the burden of hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection among injection drug users (IDUs) require consideration of the epidemiology and natural history of both hepatitis C and drug use. Most HCV infections are due to injection drug use, and most IDUs have HCV infection. In addition, HCV infection often occurs with other medical problems, such as human immunodeficiency virus infection and depression, which may complicate its recognition and management. Infection with HCV can be fatal, but usually not until years later, and persons may be unaware of the infection, allowing an individual to infect many others. Effective treatment is available for HCV infection; however, the therapy is prolonged, involving both weekly injections and daily oral medication, and is typically associated with significant adverse effects, such as fatigue, depression, and, rarely, life-threatening complications. Although clearly some IDUs want their HCV infection to be treated, many are unwilling or unable to initiate or sustain treatment with currently available therapies, and IDUs who are treated require considerable, multidimensional support. Solutions to the problem of HCV infection among IDUs must account for these facts.
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PMID:Epidemiology and natural history of hepatitis C virus infection in injection drug users: implications for treatment. 1576 33

Despite recent advances, patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) still experience considerable morbidity and mortality. To try and improve their prognosis, varied novel biological interventions and immune manipulations are being developed. They may hold promise in particular for patients whose disease is organ-threatening and refractory to conventional treatment. In addition, awareness of the tendency of lupus patients to develop accelerated atherosclerosis as well as newly gained insights into the underlying mechanisms, may lead to better control of risk factors, earlier diagnosis of prevalent cardiovascular disease and more effective treatment. Infections also remain a significant threat that may be amenable to improved preventive measures. Evidence related to a better management of lupus patients by specialists, the need to address the impact of commonly associated stress and depression and other significant developments are also presented and discussed.
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PMID:The future of the treatment of systemic lupus erythematosus. 1589 1

Effects of gastrointestinal nematode infection on metabolism and nutrient utilisation in sheep are reviewed. Infection induces protein deficiency by increasing the demand for amino acids in the alimentary tract while reducing supply through depression of appetite. Mechanisms through which improved protein nutrition could improve the performance of the host are then discussed. Opportunities for capitalising on such effects are limited by our rudimentary understanding of the cell-mediated immune response in gastrointestinal epithelial tissue. Both resistance of the animal to larval establishment and performance in the face of larval challenge can be enhanced by improved protein nutrition. However, enhanced immune responses may not necessarily be synonymous with improved productivity except at luxurious levels of protein intake, because of apparently competing demands for protein. Such levels of protein nutrition are difficult to achieve in pasture-based systems, because of the protein limiting role of the rumen. Work with proteinprotecting tannins to overcome this limitation is discussed. The much more limited evidence for effect of mineral nutrition, particularly copper (Cu), molybdenum (Mo), cobalt (Co) and phosphorus (P), on outcome of larval challenge is also reviewed.
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PMID:Interactions between nutrition and gastrointestinal parasitism in sheep. 1603 96

The study subject was the white rat-males Wistar after intra-peritoneal injection of the mixture of St. aureus and B. pyocyaneus daily cultures in the dose calculated as 1 milliard microbial organisms of each species per 100 g b.w., as well as the vascular preparations isolated from aortas of those rats. The aim is to study nitric oxide role in the development of resistant hypotension under generalization of the purulent infection. Infection of the animals with a mixture of gram-positive and gram-negative cultures led to the development of the pathological process, which can be considered as a septic (bacterial) shock. A primary lowering of the vascular tone caused by depression of the myocardial pump and contractile functions was observed. Injection of methylene blue or NOS blockers (L-NAME, S-methyl-thiourea) to the infected animals in the moment of hypotension development caused only a short-term rise in blood pressure. Survival rate in such animals was significantly lower compared to the control infected animals. Repeated injections of those agents hastened death of the experimental animals. The experiments in vitro revealed no dilatory effect of acetylcholine with preserved sensitivity of the vascular preparations to adrenomimetics and exogenous nitric oxide in both control infected animals and animals injected with methylene blue or NOS blockers. The data obtained suggested that resistant hypertension in terminal stages of septic shock is nitric oxide-independent.
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PMID:[Inhibition of nitric oxide synthesis during bacterial shock does not prevent development of resistant hypotension and death in rats]. 1610 24


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