Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0011570 (depression)
 172,036 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Infections in immunocompromised patients and in patients with indwelling prosthetic devices are often caused by hospital strains of Staphylococcus epidermidis resistant to methicillin. Tests for the detection of methicillin resistance, indicating resistance to all beta-lactam antibiotics, were evaluated in order to define a suitable screening test. A broth tube breakpoint test with a large inoculum, 10(7) colony forming units (cfu), gave the highest recovery of resistant strains. False resistance due to hyperproduction of beta-lactamase was excluded. The results correlated completely with the detection of the resistance gene, mecA, by the polymerase chain reaction. In 2/3 of the resistant strains tested the expression of the methicillin resistance was heterogeneous, only one cell in 10(2) to 10(4) expressed the resistance within 72 h in both. In broth screening tests an inoculum of at least 10(6) cfu therefore was required to detect all resistant strains within 24 h. Using agar dilution, 48 h incubation must be considered. In disc diffusion tests reliable results were obtained after only 16 h of incubation when discs containing cephradine 5 and 30 micrograms, oxacillin 1 microgram or cephalexin 30 micrograms were used, and the first disc is recommended for routine work. The epidemiology of S. epidermidis strains resistant to ciprofloxacin and/or gentamicin was studied in an isolation unit for patients undergoing bone marrow transplantation. Antibiograms and plasmids were used for typing and 31 such strains were found. Of 54 staff members 10 were colonized in the nares only, two in the nares and perineum and one in the nares and stool. In ambient air and on the clothes of staff a few of the strains predominated quantitatively. These strains colonized the skin of some of the patients who seemed to be the main dispersers. Possible routes of cross-infection were indirect contact transfer via the hands and clothes of staff (82% of the clothes were contaminated), and direct as well as indirect airborne transmission. To study the effects of chlorhexidine on skin bacteria, ten nurses washed one arm with chlorhexidine-detergent every morning for 3 weeks; the other arm served as control. The depression of the normal skin flora did not lead to a colonization with more antibiotic-resistant hospital strains. During the wash period the counts of antibiotic-resistant S. epidermidis on the treated arms were significantly reduced compared with the control arms, as also were the number of different strains.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
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PMID:Staphylococcus epidermidis--hospital epidemiology and the detection of methicillin resistance. 830 17

The results of 100 consecutive autopsy studies performed since the introduction and use of cyclosporine (1984 to 1991) in patients who died less than 2.5 months after cardiac transplantation were analysed to try to prevent this type of lethal damage. The lesions were complex but the causes of death may be classified as follows: 44 infections (20 aspergillosis, with 13 septicaemias and 7 predominantly pulmonary complications, 15 severe lung infections, 9 other infections including 7 pyogenic mediastino-pericarditis), 12 acute myocardial rejects, 14 pulmonary arteriolitis reflecting the fact that pulmonary resistances affect the results of cardiac transplantation, 13 non-infectious pericarditis, 17 immediate postoperative deaths (incompetent graft, DIVC). In the discussion, the authors underline the importance of pericardial damage, the direct cause of death in 13 cases but also present in most cases of infection when sometimes clinically confused with the diagnosis of "acute reject". Acute pancreatitis (over 10% of cases) were often labelled "septicaemic shock". Pulmonary involvement is one of the commonest complications related to infection and changes due to passive pulmonary hypertension related to the causal preoperative disease, by silent pulmonary embolism during the 3 months of cardiac failure before surgery and DIVC. Infection was the cause of death in nearly half of the early fatalities, and aspergillosis was particularly common whereas systematic prevention with sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine has eliminated pneumocystosis for example. The management of immuno-depression varies from centre to centre and this is also a factor in the incidence of anatomical complications.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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PMID:[Early fatal lesions after cardiac transplantation. Results of 100 autopsies]. 833 96

Studies have shown an increased vulnerability to psychological distress and a significant prevalence of psychiatric disorders associated with HIV-1 infection, in the range of 30-63%. Infection with HIV-1 may also lead to a number of neurological complications, including AIDS dementia complex. The incidence of HIV-1 dementia is approximately 7 per 100 patients per year following the development of AIDS, with up to 20% of HIV-1-infected individuals receiving a diagnosis of HIV-1 dementia before death. A recent study, however, found no significant decline in cognitive functions before AIDS, unless overt dementia is present. To learn more about the prevalence and natural history of psychiatric, neuropsychological, and neurological complications of HIV-1 infection, the World Health Organization (WHO) conducted the WHO Neuropsychiatric AIDS Study. Findings are based upon the cross-sectional study and longitudinal follow-up of 203 subjects recruited in Nairobi, Kenya, and 205 in Kinshasa, Zaire. The author reports finding a significantly higher mean global score on the Montgomery-Asberg Depression Rating Scale in symptomatic HIV-seropositive individuals compared to in matched seronegative controls. Overall, the study data suggest that the risk of subtle cognitive deficits may be increased during the asymptomatic stages of HIV-1 infection.
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PMID:Neuropsychiatric HIV-1 infection study: in Kenya and Zaire cross-sectional phase I and II. 855 77

A 14-year-old girl of Indian origin with acute myeloid leukemia (AML) is presented, who was diagnosed at the age of twelve. Antileukemic chemotherapy had to be discontinued after 6 weeks because of persistent high fever and the emergence of liver and spleen abscesses. Serologic and biopsy findings were consistent with disseminated candidiasis; however, a liver biopsy also revealed granulomatous lesions with caseous degeneration. No acid-fast bacilli could be detected. Upon antifungal treatment the patient's condition improved, but fever spells and high inflammatory blood parameters persisted. One year after the diagnosis of AML was established, Mycobacterium avium was cultured from bone marrow aspirates. The patient's cellular immunity was severely compromised at that time as reflected by the marked depression of T-lymphocyte counts, in particular of CD4-positive cells. HIV and other lymphotropic virus infections were subsequently excluded. After 5 months of specific treatment the patient recovered from mycobacterial infection and remains in first remission of AML. Opportunistic infections have rarely been diagnosed in oncologic patients to date, while data on T-cell function in AML is sparse. Fever of unknown origin should prompt the search for infectious agents unusual to date in this patient group.
Infection
PMID:First case of disseminated Mycobacterium avium infection following chemotherapy for childhood acute myeloid leukemia. 855 90

Glucan immunomodulator, combined with immunoglobulin and zinc (GI), was tested in mice infected with Toxocara canis for its effects on the immune response and parasite recovery. Infection with 2 500 T. canis eggs per mouse induced a short-term depression of the proliferative response of T cells to phytohemaglutinin from Day 35 to a Day 49 post infection (p.i.). GI given in two doses at the start of the experiment markedly stimulated and restored cell proliferation at Days 21-63 p.i. Infection resulted in significant increase in specific circulating antibody level at Days 21 and 35 p.i. A striking reduction in the number of T. canis larvae, after GI administration was observed in the muscles of the GI-treated mice, compared with the untreated animals.
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PMID:Effect of glucan immunomodulator on the immune response and larval burdens in mice with experimental toxocarosis. 885 44

The purpose of this descriptive correlational study was to explore the relationship between social support, stressors, level of illness, and perceived caregiver burden in caregivers of children with HIV/AIDS. Instruments used were: (1) the Classification System for Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) Infection in Children Under 13 Years of Age (1987), (2) the Daily Hassles Scale, (3) the Tilden Interpersonal Relationship Inventory (IPRI), (4) the Derogatis Stress Profile (DSP), and (5) the Caregiver Appraisal Scale. The sample was drawn from two medical centers in New Jersey. The 49 caregivers of children with perinatally acquired HIV were predominantly HIV-positive biological mothers of African American descent whose education ranged from 8th grade through college. One-half of the children were classified at the CDC P2 level. Descriptive statistics and stepwise multiple regression were used to analyze the data. The results of the DSP indicated subjects were slightly below the 70th percentile for anxiety, depression, hostility, and work stressors and that subjects' social support levels were in the upper end of the low support category. Stepwise regression indicated that depression and anxiety predicted 40% of the variance in caregiver burden (R2 = .399; F = 14,985; p = .000). Hostility and level of social support predicted 37% of the variance in caregiving impact (R2 = .37; F = 13.254; p = .000). Finally, social support predicted 17.5% of the variability in the caregivers' sense of caregiving competency (R2 = .175; F = 9.788; p = .003). The child's level of illness and HIV status of caregiver did not significantly predict variance in caregiving appraisal.
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PMID:Effects of social support, stress, and level of illness on caregiving of children with AIDS. 899 35

The effects of orally administered sodium nitrite (20 mg NaNO2/kg b. w) on the responses of T and B lymphocytes collected from the mesenteric lymph nodes were studied in resistant AKR/J, H-2(k) haplotype mice infected with Trichinella spiralis nematode. On days 6, 9, and 12 postinfection, the mesenteric lymph node cells (MLNC) were collected from the mice and assayed for lymphocyte subsets (CD4(+), CD8(+), B220(+)), cytokines (IL-2, IL-5), and INF-gamma. At the same time, the number of adult worms in the small intestine were counted. Infection of the nitrite-treated mice with T. spiralis L1 larvae caused a marked increase in the number of adult worms in the small intestine. However, preincubation of T. spiralis L1 larvae with nitrite before infecting the mice resulted in a significant reduction in the number of adult worms (p < 0.05). Preincubation of T. spiralis L1 larvae with nitrite also caused an increase in the number of CD4(+) and CD8(+) cells as well as IL-2, IL-5, and INF-gamma levels. An increased level of CD8(+) subsets and a depression of IL-2 and IL-5 production by MLNC were observed in mice infected with larvae without nitrite pretreatment. Since supplementary rIL-1alpha was found to alter INF-gamma secretion by MLNC in vitro, the pattern of MLNC proliferation was examined further with the nitrite-treated mice. Sodium nitrite increased thymidine incorporation into the MLNC. However, INF-gamma production was not enhanced when rIL-1alpha was added to the MLNC culture obtained from nitrite-treated mice.
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PMID:Nitrite mediated T lymphocyte responses in the intestinal immune system of mice infected with Trichinella spiralis nematode. 917 17

Infection with gastrointestinal nematodes, particularly Ostertagia species in domestic ruminants, continues to represent an important cause of impaired productivity in temperate parts of the world. The mechanisms responsible for such losses include changes in feed intake, gastrointestinal function, protein, energy and mineral metabolism, and body composition, and were described in detail at the last Ostertagia Workshop (Fox, M.T. 1993. Pathophysiology of infection with Ostertagia ostertagi in cattle. Vet. Parasitol. 46, 143-158). Since then, research into the pathophysiology of infection has focused on three main areas: mechanisms of appetite depression; changes in gastrointestinal function; and alterations in protein metabolism. Studies on the mechanisms responsible for appetite depression in Ostertagia-infected cattle have continued to support a close association between impaired feed intake and elevated blood gastrin concentrations. Alternative explanations will have to be sought, however, to account for the drop in feed intake associated with intestinal parasitism in which blood gastrin levels normally remain unaltered. Such work in sheep, and more recently in laboratory animals, has shown that central satiety signals are associated with inappetance accompanying intestinal infections, rather than changes in peripheral peptide levels. Changes in gastrointestinal function have also attracted attention, particularly the mechanisms responsible for increases in certain gut secretions, notably pepsinogen and gastrin. Elegant experimental studies have established that the gradient in pepsinogen concentration between abomasal mucosa and local capillaries could alone account for the increase in blood concentrations seen in Type 1 ostertagiosis. Additional factors, such as increases in capillary permeability and in surface area, probably contribute to such responses in cases of Type 2 disease. The increase in blood gastrin concentrations that accompanies Ostertagia infections in cattle is associated with the concurrent rise in abomasal pH. However, in sheep, additional factors appear to contribute to the hypergastrinaemia which may occur independent of parasite-induced changes in gastric pH. Alterations in protein metabolism have been well documented in ruminants harbouring monospecific infections with either abomasal or intestinal nematodes. More recently, however, the effects of dual abomasal and intestinal infections have been investigated and demonstrated that the host is able to compensate for impaired abomasal digestion provided that the intestinal parasite burden does not occupy the main site of digestion and absorption in the latter organ. An alternative method of improving the host's protein balance, dietary supplementation, has been shown not only to improve productivity, but also to enhance the innate resistance of susceptible breeds of sheep to Haemonchus and to accelerate the development of immunity to Ostertagia in lambs.
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PMID:Pathophysiology of infection with gastrointestinal nematodes in domestic ruminants: recent developments. 946 Feb 3

Phagocytosis is an important part of the host defense against infection. Antibiotics can influence phagocytic function. In the present study, leukocyte metabolic response to phagocytic challenge by latex was assessed in relation to in vitro addition of cotrimoxazole, imipenem/cilastatin, cefodizime, dexamethasone (DXM), and/or cyclosporin A (CsA). Using latex particles as phagocytic challenge, glucose-1-14C utilization and 14CO2 production were measured by liquid scintillation counting. The phagocytic response was impaired by in vitro addition of DXM or CsA and this setup was used as an experimental model of immunodepression. The addition of co-trimoxazole to control samples (without DXM or CsA) depressed the response to latex challenge, whereas imipenem and cefodizime had a neutral effect. In the presence of DXM, co-trimoxazole induced a further decrease. The depressive effect of DXM was partially neutralized in the presence of cefodizime. With CsA depression, co-trimoxazole also induced a further decrease, imipenem had a neutral effect, while cefodizime partially restored the CsA suppressed reaction. Co-trimoxazole depressed the phagocytic response, imipenem had a neutral effect, whereas cefodizime restored the experimentally induced immunosuppression.
Infection
PMID:In vitro effect of cefodizime, imipenem/cilastatin and co-trimoxazole on dexamethasone and cyclosporin A depressed phagocytosis. 956 84

Twelve Standardbred foals (age 3-6 months), with little previous exposure to parasites, were allocated to 2 groups and put onto pasture with low (Group L) or high (Group H) levels of larval contamination of large strongyles and cyathostomes. After 4 weeks grazing in September, the foals were housed indoors until necropsy 15 weeks later. Foals in Group H became clinically more affected than those of Group L in that they showed loss of vigour, weight gain depression, intermittent soft faeces and inappetence. One foal of Group H had persistent diarrhoea and was subjected to euthanasia 12 weeks after housing. Signs of colic were not observed. Faecal egg counts were significantly higher in Group H than in Group L (P<0.05). At necropsy, the mean number of S. vulgaris and cyathostomes was 20 and 18,000, respectively, in Group L, and 167 and 25,000 in Group H. Routine blood chemistry did not specifically reveal presence of S.vulgaris in pre-patency. A transient neutrophilia and eosinophilia, most prominent in Group H, was seen 2-8 weeks after start of exposure and anaemia was observed later in Group H. Serum albumin and albumin/globulin ratio were reduced, particularly in Group H, and a marked hyperbetaglobulinaemia was observed at 16-20 weeks in Group H. In conclusion, heavy infections with strongyles including S. vulgaris may become established in weaned foals after a brief period on pasture. Infections may be expressed clinically as debilitation, inappetence and intermittent diarrhoea without colic, and the need for control is imperative.
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PMID:Impact of mixed strongyle infections in foals after one month on pasture. 962 25


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