Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0011570 (depression)
 172,036 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

In a longitudinal, multicenter study of 4,954 men at risk for human immunodeficiency virus infection and acquired immunodeficiency syndrome, data from the first 9.5 years of follow-up (April 1984 through September 1993) were used to determine differences between those who remained in the study and those who dropped out. Demographic variables (age, race, education, employment, and study center), health status (human immunodeficiency virus type 1 serostatus and depression), and behavioral characteristics (alcohol drinking, drug use, and anal-receptive intercourse) were analyzed. Strategies for promoting retention included having frequent contact with participants, generating trust, keeping participants well-informed, utilizing multiple resources for follow-up, and providing flexible methods of participation. After 9.5 years of follow-up, vital status was known for 4,385 (88.5%) of the participants. Results from multiple logistic regression showed that race, age, education, and smoking were each significantly associated with nonparticipation (p < 0.001). A high level of retention was maintained in this well-educated and highly motivated cohort of homosexual/bisexual men. Extensive follow-up methods may improve case-finding. Nonwhite race, younger age, less education, and smoking were important predictors of dropping out. These findings identify specific groups for targeting follow-up efforts to reduce potential bias due to dropout.
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PMID:The Multicenter AIDS Cohort Study: retention after 9 1/2 years. 763 36

Cytotoxicity mediated by natural killer (NK) and lymphokine-activated killer (LAK) cells may be of significance in host defense against viral infections. This study included 347 patients infected with human immunodeficiency syndrome virus (HIV) type 1 and 110 controls. The NK cell activity, either unstimulated or stimulated with interferon-alpha (IFN-alpha) or interleukin-2 (IL-2), and the LAK cell activity were suppressed in patients, but the NK/LAK cell activity did not differ between patients with AIDS and patients without AIDS. However, the IFN-alpha-stimulated NK cell activity and LAK cell activity were reduced in patients with symptoms of HIV disease (CDCIV) when compared with asymptomatic patients (CDCII+III). When the data were analyzed by multiple linear regression, the percentage of CD4+ cells had a positive effect on these two parameters in patients without AIDS, whereas the percentage of CD4+ cells had no significant effect on unstimulated and IL-2-stimulated NK cell activity in these patients. In controls and AIDS patients, the percentage of CD4+ cells had no effect on NK/LAK cell activity in multiple linear models. The total number of CD16+ cells was low in patients compared to controls, whereas the percentages of CD16+, CD56+, and CD16+CD56+ were either normal or elevated. Therefore, the decrease in NK cell subpopulations did not contribute to the observed depression in NK/LAK cell activity in vitro. It is concluded that natural immunity is suppressed in HIV-seropositive patients primarily because of a qualitative defect of the NK/LAK cells. This qualitative defect includes a reduced responsiveness to IFN-alpha, which is progressive until the onset of symptoms, and possibly related to the loss of CD4+ cells.
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PMID:Defective natural immunity: an early manifestation of human immunodeficiency virus infection. 765 Apr 85

Psychometric health status scales and health utility scales were compared to measure the impact of changes in clinical status in patients infected with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). The data used included the first two waves of a longitudinal study of 160 HIV-infected patients, a population that was 34% women and 65% African American. The Medical Outcome Study-HIV Health Survey (MOS-HIV); sleep, cognitive function, and depression scales; the Sickness Impact Profile Home Management Scale; and questions on HIV-related clinical symptoms were administered. Standard gamble utilities and categorical rating scale preferences were assessed for current health state. The MOS-HIV scale scores of asymptomatic patients were significantly higher than those of symptomatic patients and patients with acquired immune deficiency syndrome. No differences were observed for utilities. Increases in clinical symptoms over 4 months were associated with changes in health perception, pain, physical role function, social function, mental health, depression, energy, cognitive function, and categorical rating scale preferences. The MOS-HIV and other health status measures discriminated between HIV disease stages and were associated with clinical status. Standard gamble utilities did not discriminate among the three groups and were not correlated with clinical status.
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PMID:Change in clinical status, health status, and health utility outcomes in HIV-infected patients. 772 45

Lesbians have unique health concerns that often go unaddressed in a medical setting that assumes heterosexuality. These may include cancer screening, sexually transmitted diseases, human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), depression, substance abuse, relationship issues, pregnancy, and parenting. Awareness of the barriers faced by lesbians seeking care, and an inclusive approach to the patient will allow primary care providers to be more effective in their interactions with all patients.
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PMID:Lesbian health issues for the primary care provider. 765 Apr 96

Endoscopically detected ulcers and submucous haemorrhage are common findings related to cytomegalovirus infection. We report a case of cytomegalovirus colitis in a patient seropositive for human immunodeficiency virus. Endoscopic findings showed elevated, white-yellowish, small size plaques with an erythematous central depression, resembling those found in pseudomembranous colitis.
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PMID:[Cytomegalovirus colitis in a patient carrying the human immunodeficiency virus: the endoscopic image similar to pseudomembranous colitis]. 774 54

Fifty-seven ambulatory, human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected patients at various stages of disease progression and 17 HIV seronegative controls were examined in a cross-sectional study with self-administered measures of emotional distress, coping, and adjustment to illness. All infected and control subjects were homosexual or bisexual and free of acute medical illness. The findings indicated that both uninfected and infected subjects had enhanced emotional distress in a variety of domains. However, while somatic and cognitive-ruminative complaints were greater in symptomatic subjects relative to controls, depression and anxiety were not. Professed coping strategies were heterogeneous and not particularly related to HIV diagnostic status, with the exception of planful problem solving which was decreased for acquired immune deficiency syndrome subjects. Disruption in several aspects of daily life adjustment was markedly increased in symptomatic subjects. The findings suggest that both HIV seropositive status and perceived risk for infection produce a sustained level of generalized psychological distress. Even in the absence of current medical illness, patients with advanced disease progression are concerned primarily with anticipated medical implications and cognitive effectiveness.
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PMID:Emotional distress, coping, and adjustment in human immunodeficiency virus infection and acquired immune deficiency syndrome. 774 82

This review focuses on the prevalence, causes, evaluation, and treatment of headache in individuals infected with human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1). Headaches, one of the commonest medical complaints in the general population, occur frequently in patients infected with the HIV-1. HIV-related headaches can occur at any time during the infection: at seroconversion, during the incubation period, in patients with symptomatic HIV-1 infection, or after an AIDS-defining illness. Causes of HIV-related headaches include HIV-1 itself, opportunistic conditions, or HIV-specific medications. Migraines, tension-type headaches, depression, and substance abuse enter into the differential diagnosis, particularly in the early stages of disease. The headaches seen in this population reflect a complex web of interactions imposed by immune competency, multiple etiologies, treatments, and premorbid conditions. Prompt recognition and early treatment of headache is essential since it may improve quality of life and, depending on the diagnosis, prolong survival. Physicians need to be alert and adaptable when assessing HIV-infected individuals with headache since multiple causes can exist in the same patient and new syndromes, complications, and investigational drugs are continually being identified.
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PMID:Headache and the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 infection. 777 85

The aberrant sleep documented in subjects with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection is uniquely important because of the contribution this poor quality sleep makes to the fatigue, disability, and eventual unemployment that befalls these patients. Especially given this importance in clinical care, the research on the prominent sleep changes described in HIV infection remains modest in quantity. The chronic asymptomatic stage of HIV infection is associated with the most intriguing and singular sleep structure changes. Especially robust is the increase in slow wave sleep, particularly in latter portions of the sleep period. This finding is rare in other primary or secondary sleep disorders. The sleep structure alterations are among the most replicable of several pathophysiological sequelae in the brain associated with early HIV infection. It is unlikely that these sleep architecture changes are psychosocial in etiology, and they occur before medical pathology is evident. They are not associated with stress, anxiety, or depression. Evidence is accumulating to support a role for the somnogenic immune peptides tumor necrosis factor (TNF)alpha and interleukin (IL-1 beta) in the sleep changes and fatigue commonly seen in HIV infection. These peptides are elevated in the blood of HIV-infected individuals, and are somnogenic in clinical use and animal models. The peripheral production of these peptides may also have a role in the regulation of normal sleep physiology. The lentivirus family contains both HIV and the feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV). The use of the FIV model of HIV infection may provide a way to further investigate the mechanism of a neurotropic, neurotoxic virus initiating the immune acute phase response and affecting sleep. Neurotropic lentivirus infection is a microbiological probe facilitating neuroimmune investigation.
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PMID:Lentiviral infection, immune response peptides and sleep. 779 94

This study examined acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS)-related grief resolution and psychiatric morbidity in 286 human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-positive and HIV-negative gay men examined between 1989 and 1993 in San Diego, CA. Psychiatric morbidity, mood ratings, and bereavement assessments were obtained using the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-III-R, Hamilton Rating Scales for Depression and Anxiety, and Texas Revised Inventory of Grief. Sixty percent of the men (N = 171) reported a loss within the previous 12 months. Eighteen percent of the bereaved met criteria for unresolved grief. No differences were evident in lifetime psychiatric disorders, yet men with unresolved grief demonstrated an elevated prevalence of current major depression and panic disorder when compared with resolved grievers. Clinician sensitivity to the grief process and its relationship to psychiatric complications is an important component of comprehensive psychiatric and medical care of men at high risk for HIV during this era of AIDS.
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PMID:Psychiatric morbidity associated with acquired immune deficiency syndrome-related grief resolution. 779 87

We studied the changes in peripheral lymphocyte subsets, mitogen responsiveness, natural killer (NK) cell activity, and interleukin-2 (IL-2) production in patients with or without diabetes receiving coronary artery bypass surgery. Group I (GI): 9 diabetic patients comprising three on oral diabetics during therapy, two on insulin therapy, and four on alimentary therapy. Group II (GII): 12 non-diabetic patients (borderline diabetics excluded). age, amount of blood transfusion, number of grafts, aortic cross-clamp time (ACC), cardio-pulmonary bypass time (CPB), and operative time (OP) did not significantly differ between the groups. Lymphocyte subsets were measured using monoclonal antibodies and IL-2 production was measured by radio-immuno assay using IL-2 labeled with I125. All variables were measured the day before, the day after, 3 days after and 7 days after the operation. The number of lymphocytes and their subsets (CD3+, CD+, CD8+, 4/8 ratio, IL-2R+) did not significantly differ between the groups, but in GI patients, the number of OKIa1 positive lymphocytes were significantly lower than in GII the day before and 7 days after the operation. II-2 production on the day after the operation was significantly (p < 0.05) reduced from the preoperative level in both groups. On 3 days, there was a significant difference (p < 0.05) between the two groups: IL-2 production in GI (3.1 +/- 2.6 U) was remarkably lower than in GII (6.6 +/- 4.0 U). IL-2 production in GII was significantly correlated to the number of CD4 positive lymphocytes, but this was not true in GI. Mitogen responsiveness to stimulation with PHA was not significantly different between the groups. NK cell activity on the first postoperative day was significantly reduced (p < 0.01) in the both groups, but there was no difference between the groups. The % change in IL-2 production (%IL-2) in GII on 3 days after the operation was significantly correlated to the amount of blood transfusion (r = -0.7, p = 0.0077) but that in GI was not. %IL-2 was not significantly correlated to ACC, CPB, OP, or age in both groups. This study clearly showed that diabetics who underwent coronary artery bypass surgery suffered depression of cellular immunity, in particular, IL-2 production, which might be a key factor in cellular immunity. It showed a decrease in helper T lymphocyte function after surgery, implying postoperative immunodeficiency in diabetics.
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PMID:[Reduction in cellular immunity in diabetics receiving coronary artery bypass grafting]. 779 3


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