Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0011570 (depression)
 172,036 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

A total of 29 patients with anxiety or anxiety/hysteria, participated in a double-blind, cross-over trial of two benzodiazepine anxiolytics, diazepam and potassium clorazepate. The problems of a 'carry-over' effect and a possible order of drug administration effect are discussed in relation to analysis of results. Clorazepate proved the more effective drug, as shown by a reduction in total symptom scale of Kellner Symptom Rating Test and the reduction in sub-scales for anxiety, depression, somatic complaints and general neurotic symptoms with parallel symptom reduction in linear analogue scales. Side effects were infrequent with both drugs and posed no clinical problem. Potassium clorazepate in a single nightly dose of 15 mg proved to be more effective than thrice daily (5 mg) diazepam.
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PMID:Value of a single night-time dose of potassium clorazepate in anxiety: a controlled trial comparison with diazepam. 612 88

In a double-blind study, 67 chronic low back pain patients received 4 lumbar sympathetic nerve blocks, two given with bupivacaine and two given with saline. It was hypothesized that patients showing evidence of 'learned helplessness,' as measured by dependence on habit-forming medications for the pain, low activity levels, and elevated MMPI scores on Hypochondriasis, Depression and Hysteria would show the least reduction in subjective pain intensity following injections with both bupivacaine and saline. It also was hypothesized that placebo responses would be greatest in patients who had a high educational level, were divorced, and had no pending disability claims. Responses 30 min following nerve blocks failed to correlate with these variables. However, decreases in subjective pain intensity 24 h following both types of nerve blocks were greater in patients who showed low levels of pain behavior, who were divorced, and who had no pending disability claims. Decreased pain 24 h following saline injections was significantly related to low scores on the Lie, Defensiveness, Hypochondriasis, and Hysteria scales of the MMPI and to reduced subjective pain intensity following a 6 week comprehensive outpatient pain rehabilitation program. It was concluded that chronic pain patients who are fixed in their focus on pain, high in pain-related behaviors, and low in responsibilities are less likely to respond favorably to nerve blocks and that medical treatment for them needs to be paired with therapies designed to reduce their helplessness.
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PMID:Learned helplessness and responses to nerve blocks in chronic low back pain patients. 613 4

One hundred patients, aged between 60 and 92 years, were treated with tiapride for neurological disorders (abnormal movements, buccofacial dyskinesias, dopa therapy complications, ballism, eyelid tics, senile tremor, post-traumatic headache, delirium tremens), psychiatric disorders with more or less marked agitation and of various types (hysteria, depression, mood disturbances, hypochondria, delusions, hallucinations), or for mental deficiency, senile dementia, or arteriopathic dementia. Results were excellent, being satisfactory in 70 p. cent, and even more marked in some groups. Tolerance was very good, with some rare cases of somnolence. The efficacy and safety of tiapride makes it of particular value for treating neuropsychiatric disorders in geriatric patients.
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PMID:[Tiapride in the treatment of neurological and psychiatric disorders in the elderly (author's transl)]. 627 32

Epidemics of epilepsy, a form of mass hysteria, were known in Eastern and Western cultures in the 17th and 18th centuries. A unique situation in the United States during the 19th centurey was the frontier religious movement, the setting in which the "jerks" occurred. The "falling exercise," "dancing exercise," "barking exercise," "laughing exercise," and the "running exercise" centered around the excitement involved in the religious revival. During some exercises, people saw "visions," and exhibited bizarre behavior and sudden jerking motions. During the summers of 1801-1803 on the Kentucky frontier, some pioneers who attended the religious revival camp meetings had convulsions, hallucinations, tremors, jerks, compulsive dancing and "epileptic trances." Although these have been assumed to be psychological in origin, the epidemiology of the symptoms may correlate with the diagnosis of ergotism. Those affected were usually children and young adults. Symptoms of ergotism include giddiness, fatigue, depression, formications, muscle twitching, tonic spasms, convulsions, delirium, and loss of speech.
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PMID:Ergot, the "jerks," and revivals. 636 76

Secondary depression is a depression in an individual who has one or more preexisting, nonaffective psychiatric disorders or an incapacitating or life-threatening medical illness which precedes and parallels the symptoms of depression. Secondary depression is commonly seen in patients presenting to psychiatric facilities. For every 5 patients who are seen with a diagnosis of depression, approximately 2 should be classified as secondary. A patient with secondary depression is more likely to be younger, male, and to have a family history of alcoholism. His first diagnosis is most likely to be alcoholism; however, the preceding diagnosis varies depending on the setting in which the patient is seen. Hysteria, sociopathy, drug abuse and anxiety neurosis are also common. The symptom picture of secondary depression is almost indistinguishable from primary depression. One important reason a patient enters psychiatric treatment is that he develops a coexistent depression.
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PMID:The significance of secondary depression. 645 56

The principal dimensions of the pain experience of 102 patients with chronic low back pain were studied and components of the pain experience were compared to pre-treatment measures of emotional disturbance. Responses on the McGill Pain Questionnaire (MPQ) were factor analyzed revealing dimensions of the pain experience that seemed to represent sensory, affective, and evaluative aspects. Patients with high scores on the MMPI hypochondriasis scale portrayed their pain as more intense and as high in terms of affective and evaluative descriptors on the MPQ. Other MMPI scales reflecting emotional disturbance (depression, hysteria) were also associated with a more intense description of pain and higher scores on an affective descriptor dimension. The evaluation descriptive dimension was highly related to the overall intensity of the pain experience. Only the affective dimension was related to emotional disturbance separately from the effects of intensity alone.
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PMID:Principal dimensions of the pain experience and psychological disturbance in chronic low back pain patients. 645 9

MMPI (Form R) profiles of psychiatric inpatients (N = 45) meeting DSM-III criteria for borderline personality disorder were compared with chronic schizophrenic inpatients (N = 48) and with inpatients with acute psychotic illness (N = 20). Profile shape was similar among the three groups, although the borderline sample showed significantly higher elevations on four of the 10 clinical scales--Depression, Hysteria, Psychopathic Deviate, and Psychasthenia--when compared to the chronic schizophrenic cohorts. The borderline sample showed only one significant deviation on the clinical scales when compared to the acute psychotic sample as evidenced by a higher elevation on the Psychopathic Deviate scale. Clinically, the borderline MMPI responses suggest features of irritability, hostility, and resentfulness. On the validity scales, the borderline sample showed a significantly lower score on the L scale when compared to both comparison groups, although all of the groups' L scale scores were within conventional limits. While significant differences between groups did not emerge on the F scale, the borderline sample attained a clinically elevated score suggestive of weakened ego defenses and unconventional thinking. Analysis was also performed of a composite measure of psychoticism probability (the Goldberg Index) between groups. While the borderline and acute psychotic samples showed Goldberg indices suggestive of increasing likelihood for psychotic illness, the chronic schizophrenic group yielded a Goldberg Index significantly greater than both of the other groups, thus confirming the validity of the hypothesis. Finally, the MMPI borderline profiles were also compared to previously published norms of borderline outpatients and veteran borderline inpatients.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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PMID:MMPI characteristics of borderline personality inpatients. 650 54

In order to obtain further evidence of possible psychopathology, the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI) was administered to 25 patients (pts) who had the controversial EEG pattern of rhythmic midtemporal discharges--(RMTD) psychomotor variant. The pts were divided into a retrospective and prospective group, the former consisting of only a minority (36%) of pts who had previously agreed to cooperate and the latter consisting of every pt (100%) showing the pattern in a 3-year period. The scores of all RMTD pts were abnormal (approximately 2 SD above the normal mean) for hypochondriasis, schizophrenia, depression, and hysteria and were classified as Abnormal on Rule 1 on the Goldberg sequential diagnostic system. Patients with intermediate or many bursts of this pattern were also classified as Abnormal, scored higher on every clinical scale, significantly so on five of the clinical scales and were significantly different with regard to the number of clinical scale scores at or over the T value of 70 as well as 80. The MMPI profile of RMTD pts is similar to those with definite temporal lobe epilepsy but different from pts with general medical disorders.
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PMID:Evidence for psychopathology in patients with rhythmic midtemporal discharges. 651 12

Psychological status was investigated in 46 primary fibrositis (PF) patients, 32 with fibrositis occurring in association with rheumatoid arthritis (RAFIB) and in 76 control patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Groups were similar in tests of life stresses: Family Inventory of Life Events, Multidimensional Health Locus of Control, and self-motivation. Only 28% of PF and 25% of RAFIB had Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory profiles classified as "normal" compared with 51-60% of controls. Both PF and RAFIB had elevated "neurotic" scales (hypochondriasis, depression, hysteria), but only PF patients had statistically significant elevations in the pychopathic deviancy, psychasthenia and paranoia scales. When the Arthritis Impact Measurement Scales were used, PF but not RAFIB patients demonstrated statistically significant elevations on the anxiety and depression scales.
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PMID:Psychological status in primary fibrositis and fibrositis associated with rheumatoid arthritis. 659 58

Investigated the possible use of the MMPI-168 as a screening instrument for identifying individuals (N = 27) with DSM III diagnosed borderline personality disorder. Using previously reported percentile norms for bright young college graduates as a reference, borderline patients as a group fell above the 98th percentile on the F, Hypochondriasis, Depression, Hysteria, Psychopathic Deviate, Psychasthenia and Schizophrenia scales, as well as the general psychopathology scale (PSY). Additionally, the borderline sample's mean score on the Paranoia scale was above the 95th percentile, and the mean Social Introversion scale was above the 90th percentile. Almost equally distinguishing was the finding that the mean K scale score for the borderline sample fell as low as the 8th percentile for the normative college sample. These results demonstrate that the MMPI-168 response pattern of borderline patients was clearly distinguishable from the great majority of college graduates.
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PMID:Screening for borderline personality disorders with the MMPI-168. 663 May 46


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