Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0011570 (depression)
 172,036 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Hyperthyroidism developed in three patients during the administration of potassium iodide given for the purpose of blocking the thyroid uptake of radioactive iodine liberated in the course of the 125I-fibrinogen test. In a consecutive series of 31 geriatric patients, who received potassium iodide for the same reason, biochemical hyperthyroidism developed in three instances and significant depression of thyroid function was observed in 10. The performance and the interpretation of the 125I-fibrinogen test are unaffected if iodide is not administered to the patient. The possible hazards to some patients of either induced hyperthyroidism or faulty assessment of thyroid function may be greater than the risk of thyroid irradiation. It is suggested that for the performance of the 125I-fibrinogen test potassium iodide need not be given to the elderly and should be given in a dose of 30 mg daily for two weeks to younger patients. Under certain circumstances potassium perchlorate may be a preferable drug for preventing the accumulation of radioactive iodine by the thyroid.
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PMID:Hyperthyroidism induced by potassium iodide given in the course of 125I-fibrinogen test. 445 24

1. Effects of thyroid hormone on the development of neuromuscular junctions (n.m.j.s.) were investigated electrophysiologically in the diaphragms (sternal region) of normal, hypo- and hyperthyroid rats from the age of birth (day 0) to day 35.2. Hypothyroidism in new-born rats was induced either by daily administration of propylthiouracil to mothers or by subcutaneous injection of 150 muCi (131)I on day 1. Hyperthyroidism was induced by daily injection of thyroxine.3. In normal rats up to day 10, muscle fibres were innervated polyneuronally. By day 20, multiple innervation was eliminated and muscle fibres received only a single input. In hypothyroid rats elimination of polyneuronal innervation was retarded by 5-8 days, while in hyperthyroid rats the elimination was accelerated by 2-3 days.4. The frequency of miniature end-plate potentials (m.e.p.p.s) in normal rats increased from one per 40 sec on days 0-5 to 1/sec on days 25-35. The m.e.p.p. frequency in hypothyroid rats was 25-65% of that in normal rats of the same age. In hyperthyroid rats the m.e.p.p. frequency was normal up to day 18 but subnormal afterwards. The duration of m.e.p.p. measured on day 22-23 was slower in hypothyroid rats and faster in hyperthyroid rats, relative to m.e.p.ps in normal rats.5. The sensitivity to acetylcholine (ACh) at extrajunctional regions in normal rats was about 100 mV/nC at birth and declined to 1 mV/nC by day 26. In hypothyroid rats, the ACh sensitivity was as high as 30 mV/nC on day 26; in hyperthyroid rats, ACh sensitivity on day 26 was undetectable.6. With pairs of nerve stimuli (applied at a 50 msec interval), the second end-plate potential was facilitated until day 10 and depressed after day 16 in normal rats. This shift from facilitation to depression during development was not altered in either hypo-or hyperthyroid rats.7. It is concluded that the lack and excess of thyroid hormone retards and facilitates the development of n.m.j.s. respectively. Possible mechanisms for this altered development are discussed.
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PMID:Altered developmental changes of neuromuscular junction in hypo- and hyperthyroid rats. 612 7

Studies of in vitro immunoreactivity to propylthiouracil (PTU), methimazole (MMI), and carbimazole (CARB), as assessed by peripheral blood lymphocyte transformation and 2 antibody tests, were carried out in 12 patients with Graves' hyperthyroidism who had developed agranulocytosis during treatment with PTU (11 patients) or CARB (1 patient) from 1 week to 10 yr earlier. Significant lymphocyte transformation responses to antithyroid drugs (stimulation indices greater than mean +/- 2 SD for normal subjects) were found in 5 of 6 patients tested, in 1 patient to PTU only, in 3 patients to MMI only, and in 1 patient to both PTU and MMI, but in none of 10 patients currently being treated with PTU who did not develop agranulocytosis. Circulating antibodies causing neutrophil agglutination in the presence of antithyroid drugs were demonstrated, using the indirect Coombs test, in 5 of 7 patients tested, in 2 patients to PTU only, in 3 patients to CARB only and in 1 patient (the only one tested with MMI) to PTU and MMI. Lymphocyte transformation and antibody tests to PTU were both carried out in 6 patients. Of these, both tests were positive in one patient, both negative in 3 patients, and 1 negative and 1 positive in 2 patients. In the 1 patient in whom both tests were carried out with CARB (patient 3), tests were negative, whereas in the 1 patient in whom both tests were carried out with MMI (patient 3), 1 test was positive, whereas the other was negative. Thus, in patients in whom both tests were carried out using the same drug, correlation between lymphocyte transformation responses and the detection of neutrophil antibodies was found in 5 of 6 cases. Antibodies reactive with neutrophils were also detected in 2 of the 5 patients tested using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. In this test antibodies to PTU or MMI were not demonstrated. Possible mechanisms for the neutrophil depression in relation to these findings are discussed. It is concluded that patients with Graves' disease may be prone to develop this complication of antithyroid drug therapy because of underlying immunological abnormalities.
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PMID:In vitro immunoreactivity to propylthiouracil, methimazole, and carbimazole in patients with Graves' disease: a possible cause of antithyroid drug-induced agranulocytosis. 620 Apr 92

The effect of thyroid status on beta-adrenergic receptor binding and 5'-nucleotidase activity was studied in the forebrain and the cerebellum of the rat during the first 5 postnatal weeks. The developmental increase in beta-adrenergic receptor binding was significantly depressed in thyroid deficiency in both the forebrain and the cerebellum. The effect was more pronounced in the cerebellum, where at day 35 the concentration and the total number of beta-adrenergic receptor sites were reduced by 35% and 50% respectively. In contrast, hyperthyroidism had no significant effect on the development of beta-adrenergic receptors in the brain. On the other hand, hyperthyroidism led to a sustained increase in the forebrain in the activity of 5'-nucleotidase, an enzyme which is also associated with plasma membranes and has been proposed to play some role in neurotransmission. In thyroid deficiency the enzyme activity was markedly depressed. The effect was significant from day 12 in the cerebellum and from day 21 in the forebrain, the maximal depression, at day 21, being 55% and 45% respectively. In comparison with these plasma membrane markers, the accretion of membranous proteins was less affected: although this was retarded in hypothyroidism and advanced in hyperthyroidism there was no residual effect at 35 days except those attributable to changes in organ size. The results indicated, therefore, that the biochemical specialization of cells, as reflected in certain plasma membrane constituents, are chatacteristically influenced in the developing brain by thyroid disorders.
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PMID:Effects of thyroid state on brain development: beta-adrenergic receptors and 5'-nucleotidase activity. 625 Jun 71

Sequential measurements of systolic time intervals, left ventricular dimensions, and the derived indices of contractility were undertaken at rest and during isometric exercise in 15 hyperthyroid patients before, during, and after antithyroid treatment. At rest hyperthyroidism was characterised by a shortened pre-ejection period and increased velocity of circumferential shortening of the left ventricle. During isometric exercise, however, the pre-ejection period increased significantly beyond that predicted for normal subjects, and the velocity of circumferential fibre shortening fell by 30%. In contrast, both the pre-ejection period and the velocity of circumferential fibre shortening were unchanged during exercise after a stable euthyroid state had been achieved for at least three months. Comparison between exercise responses and thyroid status during antithyroid treatment showed that a biochemical euthyroid state may be achieved many weeks before normalisation of contractile response to exercise. These findings support the hypothesis of reversible depression of left ventricular function in hyperthyroidism. Responses at rest principally reflect the peripheral actions of thyroid hormone excess.
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PMID:Delayed recovery of left ventricular function after antithyroid treatment. Further evidence for reversible abnormalities of contractility in hyperthyroidism. 674 39

The TSH response to exogenous TRH may be diminished or absent not only on overt hyperthyroidism but also in other situations, e.g. obesity, old age, multinodular goiter and depression. To elucidate the possible role of dopaminergic control of the TSH response to TRH in such patients, the oral TRH test (40 mg) was performed with and without simultaneous administration of metoclopramide (10 mg i.v.) in 20 patients known to have diminished or absent response to oral TRH (delta TSH < 1.0 mU/l). All patients had euthyroid basal levels of FT4-index and T3, and may thus be assumed to have "preclinical hyperthyroidism" (TSH suppression syndrome). In 11 patients the history suggested they were free of symptoms of mental depression, while 9 patients were considered by two independent examiners to have various degrees of depression. The TSH response to TRH in depressive patients was significantly increased when the dopamine-receptor-blocker metoclopramide (MCL) wad added. The delta TSH rose from 0.6 +/- 0.3 mU/l (SEM) without MCL to 8.8 +/- 1.8 mU/l with MCL (p < 0.002). In contrast, MCL failed to enhance the TSH response in non-depressive patients: the delta TSH was 0.7 +/- 0.3 mU/l without MCL, and with MCL 2.1 +/- 0.9 mU/l (n.s.). Thus the dopaminergic system appears to play a major role in modulating the sensitivity of the pituitary to TRH stimulation. In clinically doubtful situations, the combined metoclopramide-TRH test may be used to distinguish patients with a diminished or absent TSH response as a consequence of depression (central dopaminergic suppression) from patients with "preclinical hyperthyroidism" where the TSH response is suppressed by feedback control of TSH by thyroid hormones (thyroid autonomy).
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PMID:[Effect of the dopamin antagonist metoclopramide on the TSH response after oral TRH in the TSH suppression syndrome ("preclinical hyperthyroidism"). Preliminary report]. 677 75

Seventy-seven patients aged more than 60 years from the iodine deficiency area of southern Lower Saxony with hyperthyroidism, diagnosed by assessment of thyroid parameters, showed a nonspecific disease picture with surprising frequency when compared with younger patients. Predominant characteristics were weight loss (86%), general weakness (78%), tachycardia (74%), reduced appetite (66%), exertional dyspnoea (60%), apathy, lack of initiative or depression (48%), and uncharacteristic abdominal complaints (20%). A goitre was not palpable in 30 patients (39%). Laboratory diagnosis was hampered by relative or absolute TBG deficiency and conversion inhibition in the form of a low-T3 syndrome as evidence of non-thyroidal changes in generalised disorders. Neither thyroxine nor triiodothyronine were increased in ten patients (13%). Only by additional routine estimation of the thyroxine-binding index (T3 in vitro test) as indicator of free binding capacity could the diagnosis be ascertained in these cases. The poor prognosis be ascertained in these cases. The poor prognosis of hyperthyroidism in the older age group necessitates generous use of specific diagnostic laboratory investigations in cases with suspicious symptoms.
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PMID:[Diagnostic problems of hyperthyroidism in the older age group (author's transl)]. 679 Feb 60

Severe intercurrent nonthyroidal illnesses (diabetic ketoacidosis, myocardial infarction, fulminant hepatitis and bacterial pneumonia) in four thyrotoxic patients were associated with depression of total serum thyroxine (T(4)) and triiodothyronine (T(3)) values into the normal or even subnormal range. A diagnosis of hyperthyroidism was established by a combination of elevated radioactive iodine uptake, absent thyroid-stimulating hormone response to thyrotropin-releasing hormone or an elevated free T(4) by dialysis values. In the two of four cases that had a fatal outcome, there was a progressive decline in total T(4) and total T(3) values. In contrast, the two surviving patients had a progressive increase of total T(3) and total T(4) values into the hyperthyroid range as their underlying illness resolved. As has been seen with severe nonthyroidal illnesses, pronounced depression of total T(3) and total T(4) levels in hyperthyroid patients may also portend a poor prognosis.
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PMID:Influence of nonthyroidal illnesses on serum thyroid hormone indices in hyperthyroidism. 688 Jan 82

There are few reported convincing cases of hyperthyroid depressed patients receiving electroconvulsive therapy (ECT). We describe a depressed 66-year-old woman with catatonic depression diagnosed with new-onset hyperthyroidism due to Grave's disease. After commencing propylthiouracil, her Grave's disease was partially treated, but her depression was no better. She subsequently received a course of seven ECT with resolution of her depression and no adverse sequelae.
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PMID:ECT administration to a hyperthyroid patient. 755 52

Subclinical hypothyroidism has a prevalence of approx. 6% in the general population; it is more common in females and in the elderly. The incidence of progression to overt hypothyroidism is 5-15% per year; women with positive thyroid antibodies are especially at risk. The biological significance appears to be small; there may be an association with depression. Subclinical hypothyroidism does not cause significant hypercholesterolaemia. Thyroxine treatment results in improvement of symptoms in 25-30%. Subclinical hyperthyroidism has a prevalence of approx. 1%; it is also more common in older age groups, but its female preponderance is less marked. The incidence of progression to overt thyrotoxicosis is approx. 5% per year; subjects with autonomous thyroid adenoma or nodular goitre are especially at risk. The biological significance appears to be small. Bone density is slightly reduced in cortical bone (radius and femoral neck) but not in trabecular bone (lumbar spine). There might be an association with atrial fibrillation, which is possibly more likely to convert to stable sinus rhythm after antithyroid treatment. In view of the high prevalence of subclinical hypothyroidism and hyperthyroidism one might consider screening programs in the general population, which are feasible by the availability of an appropriate screening test (the sensitive TSH assay) and effective treatment. Such screening programs, however, are not justified at the present time because (a) the associated burden of disease is small and (b) it has not been proven beyond doubt that early diagnosis and treatment in the asymptomatic phase improves clinical outcome. A high degree of suspicion of thyroid function disorders is, however, warranted, especially in females over 40 years presenting with non-specific complaints.
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PMID:Subclinical hypothyroidism and hyperthyroidism. I. Prevalence and clinical relevance. 776 Sep 71


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