Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0011570 (depression)
 172,036 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

An observational analysis of the effects of four kappa-opioid agonists on forward locomotion, rearing and grooming displayed by rats in a novel open field was undertaken. The doses of agonists used corresponded to those previously found to produce changes in food consumption. Ethylketocyclazocine (0.1 and 1 mg/kg), bremazocine (0.01 and 0.1 mg/kg) and tifluadom (0.3 and 3 mg/kg) exerted suppressant effects on all the activities monitored. Grooming behaviour appeared to be particularly sensitive to this action, being virtually abolished by the larger doses of these compounds. In contrast, the selective kappa agonist U-50,488H (0.1-3 mg/kg) only attenuated grooming at the two highest doses tested (1 and 3 mg/kg). None of the agonists tested produced stimulation of open field activity during the 1-h study. Reductions in activity occurred at doses previously found to increase and decrease food intake. It was therefore concluded that the hyperphagia induced by kappa agonists was not part of a more general behavioural activation, whilst reductions in food consumption probably result from a non-specific behavioural depression.
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PMID:Observational analysis of the effects of kappa opioid agonists an open field behaviour in the rat. 289 84

The high-affinity mu-1 opioid binding site has been implicated in some opioid responses (e.g., supraspinal analgesia) but not others (e.g., respiratory depression) by comparing the actions of naloxone, a short-acting, non-selective antagonist, and naloxonazine, an irreversible and selective mu-1 antagonist. The mu-1 site has been implicated in the opioid component modulating free feeding and deprivation-induced feeding, but not glucoprivic feeding. The present study compared naloxone and naloxonazine antagonism of hyperphagia induced by morphine, ethylketocyclazocine (EKC), dynorphin and d-ala2,d-leu5-enkephalin (DADL) in rats. Morphine produced a dose-dependent (0.01-5 mg/kg) hyperphagia in mildly food-deprived rats that was blocked by naloxone (0.01-10 mg/kg). Naloxonazine (10 mg/kg) shifted the morphine hyperphagia dose-response curve to the right. These effects could not be fully accounted for by the intrinsic hypophagic properties of these antagonists. EKC produced a dose-dependent (0.5-5 mg/kg) hyperphagia which was blocked by naloxone (10 mg/kg) only at low effective EKC doses. Naloxonazine (10 mg/kg) failed to affect EKC hyperphagia. Naloxone, but not naloxonazine also blocked dynorphin and DADL hyperphagia. These results indicate that feeding induced by opiate and opioid agonists are differentially mediated by the mu-1 and other opioid binding sites; these data contrast with the modulation by the mu-1 site of the supraspinal analgesia induced by each of these agonists.
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PMID:Differential sensitivity of opioid-induced feeding to naloxone and naloxonazine. 289 39

The pattern and frequency of neurovegetative symptoms was studied in 57 patients with chronic pain. Seventy-nine percent of these patients had a diagnosable depressive illness, but endogenous depression was rare (5%). Patients with chronic pain were divided into major depressives, minor/intermittent depressives and patients with no depression. A control group of nonendogenous major depressives without pain was also utilized. Major depressives differed from the other two chronic pain groups in that there was more frequent or severe early waking, weight loss, anorexia, diminished libido and initial insomnia. Diurnal variation of mood was not a characteristic of major depression with chronic pain, and did not differ in frequency from the other two chronic pain groups. Major depressives exhibited a profile of neurovegetative symptoms very similar to that found in the control group of major depressives. Over one-third of minor/intermittent depressed patients with chronic pain exhibited atypical (reversed) vegetative symptoms of hyperphagia and weight gain. This finding, together with our review of the literature, suggests an important and previously unrecognized link between atypical depression and chronic pain.
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PMID:Neurovegetative symptoms in chronic pain and depression. 293 54

Reversal of myocardial biochemical changes with insulin treatment (4 and 8 wk) was studied in 8 and 12 wk streptozotocin (STZ)-diabetic rats. STZ-induced diabetes was characterized by elevations in blood glucose, serum cholesterol, and triglycerides and depressed serum insulin levels. Insulin treatment for 4 and 8 wk completely restored the serum alterations to control values. The polyuria, polydipsia, and polyphagia were also markedly diminished by the insulin treatment. Diabetic rats had pronounced decreases in body, heart, and left ventricular weights, all of which were completely reversed by the insulin treatment. Hydroxyproline accumulation in diabetic rat hearts was only reversed by the 8-wk and not by the 4-wk insulin treatment. STZ produced a significant depletion of left ventricular magnesium content as well as depression of K+-stimulated sarcoplasmic reticulum and myofibrillar ATPase activities. Both the 4- and 8-wk insulin treatment produced a complete recovery of the myocardial magnesium content. No significant changes in sarcolemmal Na+-K+-ATPase and K+-stimulated p-nitrophenyl phosphatase activities were observed in diabetic animals compared with control. The decreased latency of the lysosomal hydrolase, N-acetyl-beta-glucosaminidase, and the increased collagen deposition observed in the diabetic hearts were only partially reversed by the 4-wk insulin treatment, but completely reversed by the 8-wk treatment period.
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PMID:Insulin reversal of biochemical changes in hearts from diabetic rats. 294 95

A collaborative study of the humoral and cellular immune status of patients with carcinoma of the Head and Neck (H&N) was conducted at the West Virginia University (WVU) hospital. In addition, blind-coded serum panels were supplied on H&N cancer patients being treated at the National Cancer Institute (NCI). Serum protein analysis of the WVU study groups revealed that at the pretreatment sampling, the alpha-1 acid glycoprotein (AGP), total complement, and IgA levels were significantly elevated. The AGP levels and total complement levels declined to normal levels in the post-treatment period, whereas the IgA levels remained elevated throughout the entire observation period. Levels of serum immune complexes (SIC) were measured in both the WVU and NCI H&N cancer populations using the polyethylene glycol (PEG) precipitation method. In both survey populations all cancer groups had significantly elevated levels of SIC when compared to any of the control populations. The SIC levels never returned to comparative normal values even in cases after successful treatment. A subpopulation of the WVU-H&N cancer study group underwent a short course of intravenous hyperalimentation prior to their treatment regimen. These patients demonstrated a transient decrease in their SIC levels as well as a concomitant increase in their in vitro cell-mediated immune (CMI) correlates. The analysis of in vitro CMI correlates of the WVU study group using both polyclonal mitogens and specific antigens demonstrated a significant depression in these parameters pretreatment and post-treatment. In addition, it was observed that the time course for elevation of selected serum proteins (i.e., IgA and SIC) correlated with concomitant drops in CMI activity. Investigations were also conducted into the effects of immune complex-rich serum fractions upon selected in vitro CMI correlates. Significant blockage of a normal donor leukocyte migration-inhibition assay was demonstrated. Also, a similar inhibition of the ability of normal human lymphocytes to form high affinity rosettes was accomplished with serum from H&N cancer patients.
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PMID:Immune complexes, serum proteins, cell-mediated immunity, and immune regulation in patients with squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck. 308 60

Most patients receiving chronic IVH therapy adjust well, not only to their treatment, but also to their underlying illness. Depression, organic mental syndromes, and encapsulated delusions occur with sufficient frequency to educate staff, patients, and families as to their possible occurrence. Discussing their possible development before they appear reduces anxiety and makes the patient feel less alien. Advance knowledge makes management easier and permits families to discuss problems before they become major sources of conflict. Multidisciplinary hyperalimentation teams of medical, surgical, and psychiatric physicians, psychiatric and specially trained TPN nurses, social workers, pharmacists and dietitians are useful in providing a comprehensive program for long-term hyperalimentation patients. The elements of a TPN program should include: 1) medical services available 24 hours a day; 2) a comprehensive educational program for staff, patients, and family members; 3) psychiatric support on both a routine and an as-needed basis; 4) patient participation in treatment planning; 5) easy access to needed supplies; and 6) and assistance with financial planning.
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PMID:Psychiatric factors in the management of long-term hyperalimentation patients. 312 43

Sixty patients with probable atypical depression--defined as meeting Research Diagnostic Criteria for depressive illness, having reactive mood, and having one of four associated symptoms (hyperphagia, hypersomnolence, leaden feeling, and sensitivity to rejection)--took part in a study contrasting phenelzine, imipramine, and placebo. Phenelzine was found to be superior to imipramine and placebo. These results were compared to results from a sample of 120 patients with identical characteristics, except that they had more than one associated atypical symptom (full atypical syndrome). The size of the drug effect was comparable in patients with full atypical and partial atypical syndromes.
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PMID:Phenelzine versus imipramine in the treatment of probable atypical depression: defining syndrome boundaries of selective MAOI responders. 327 31

The utility of bipolar type II affective disorder subgrouping is discussed. There is low diagnostic agreement among clinicians for this putative condition. However, the clustering of cases in families and the poor response to standard treatments suggest that it is a distinct subgroup. The clinical features of the depressive phase of this condition including chronicity, intermittency, hyperphagia, hypersomnia, and reactivity relate it to the constructs of "hysteroid dysphoria," atypical depression, and seasonal affective disorder. Its association to several abnormal motivated behaviors such as alcoholism and eating disorders allows the speculation that a distinct morbid mechanism involving serotonin may underlie it and that new serotonin reuptake blocking drugs may be useful in treating it. Finally, the genetic identity of this subgroup in all likelihood will be established or rejected by genetic linkage studies utilizing the restriction fragment length polymorphism map of the genome.
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PMID:Therapeutic and genetic prospects of an atypical affective disorder. 332 66

Multiple lines of experimental evidence point to the involvement of endogenous opiates in appetite regulation. Post brain injury patients often exhibit driven eating behaviour. Since this problem fails to respond to behaviour modification, appetite suppressants, lithium, or any other usual approach, the use of the oral narcotic antagonist, Naltrexone, was given to three such patients. Naltrexone binds multiple opiate receptor sites in the hypothalamus, including the kappa receptors which have been implicated in appetite regulation, the use of this narcotic antagonist in hypothalamic hyperphagia appears to be a rational approach to this intractable problem. In this open trial, lasting from 4 1/2 to 9 months, the minimal effective dose appeared to be in the range of 100 mg per day. No side-effects (for example elevations in liver enzymes) were noted. All of the patients had an improved sense of well-being and their behaviours were less difficult to manage when on the Naltrexone. The significance of this preliminary trial is that narcotic antagonists may have a role in the treatment of brain-injured patients with bulimia. Also, Naltrexone may be useful in treating other maladaptive behavioural consequences of head trauma such as stealing, manipulation, demandingness, and depression. Likewise, the effects on the deranged endocrine system, such as the hypogonadism, are significant and deserve further exploration.
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PMID:Naltrexone in organic bulimia: a preliminary report. 345 71

The development of direct serotonin agonists, selective inhibitors of serotonin uptake, serotonin receptor antagonists, and other drugs affecting serotonergic function has aided the study of physiologic functions of brain serotonin neurons in laboratory animals and the recognition and classification of serotonin receptor subtypes. Agents of these types are real or potential drugs for the treatment of psychiatric disorders (e.g., depression) and other disorders such as overeating, alcoholism, myoclonus, and chronic pain. In addition, the agents may permit assessment of the functional state of brain serotonin receptors in humans.
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PMID:Pharmacologic modification of serotonergic function: drugs for the study and treatment of psychiatric and other disorders. 351 85


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