Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0011570 (depression)
 172,036 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The syndrome of the sinking skin flap was introduced to explain the phenomenon of neurological deterioration after decompressive craniectomy. A 37-year-old man was admitted with acute subdural hematoma and traumatic intraparenchymal hematoma. After decompressive craniectomy, the patient suffered from hydrocephalus for which a ventriculoperitoneal (V-P) shunt was inserted. Following this procedure, the depression of the skin flap became remarkable and his mentation was deteriorated. The patient recovered uneventfully after temporary elevating of valve pressure and cranioplasty. We present a patient who was successfully managed with elevation of valve pressure and cranioplasty for the syndrome of the sinking scalp flap with review of a pertinent literature.
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PMID:"Syndrome of the sinking skin-flap" secondary to the ventriculoperitoneal shunt after craniectomy. 1909 48

Cerebral infarction producing psychiatric disorders such as depression and mania is a recognized phenomenon. However, resolution of affective disorders following stroke has not been previously reported. We describe the case of a 53-year-old woman with a 25-year history of treatment-resistant bipolar II and panic disorders. At the age of 46, she experienced a subarachnoid hemorrhage with secondary vasospasm that resulted in a stroke. Shortly following the hemorrhage, the patient experienced a complete remission of both psychiatric illnesses that has been sustained for 7 years. Initial computed tomography (CT) and angiography studies revealed subarachnoid hemorrhage with intraventricular extension, communicating hydrocephalus, and aneurysms of the left posterior communicating artery and the right anterior cerebral artery. Following clipping of the left internal posterior communicating artery aneurysm, the patient developed vasospasm with further stroke symptoms. A subsequent CT scan showed a fully developed ischemic infarct in the left temporoparietal region that was confirmed by follow-up magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). We present a 7-year follow-up with complete psychiatric interview, chart review, and MRI. The present case demonstrates the importance of continued efforts to localize neural circuits involved in the pathogenesis and maintenance of affective disorders.
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PMID:Resolution of bipolar II and panic disorders following subarachnoid hemorrhage. 1933 49

Parkinson's disease is the second most common neurodegenerative disorder, after Alzheimer's disease. It predominantly affects the elderly. Age is the most clearly established risk factor and there is a male:female ratio of 1.5:1. Current incidence in the general population is 8.4-19 per 100,000 population per year with an approximate prevalence of 120 per 100,000 population. NICE recommends that patients with suspected Parkinson's disease should be referred untreated to a specialist with expertise in parkinsonian disorders. The diagnosis is primarily clinical. Parkinson's disease should be suspected in all patients presenting with bradykinesia (which is essential for the diagnosis of any form of parkinsonism, including Parkinson's disease), muscular rigidity, resting tremor (4-6 Hz) and postural instability not caused by a primary visual, vestibular, cerebellar, or proprioceptive dysfunction. At present, there are no specific biochemical, imaging or genetic tests to assist in the diagnosis of Parkinson's disease. Structural brain imaging (MRI or CT) has no role in the diagnosis of Parkinson's disease but may be useful to exclude cerebrovascular disease, hydrocephalus and Wilson's disease in selected cases. Parkinson's disease is a condition that results in both motor and non-motor symptoms. Morbidity associated with non-motor symptoms in Parkinson's disease is becoming increasingly recognised and some non-motor symptoms such as hyposmia, apathy, depression and REM sleep behaviour disorder may precede the onset of motor symptoms.
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PMID:Non-motor symptoms may herald Parkinson's disease. 1987 55

A 44-year-old African-American male was admitted to our hospital after a suicide attempt. He had depression, poor cognitive function, choreiform movements, difficulty pronouncing words, and difficulty walking. His symptoms had worsened markedly over several months. Chorea lead to genetic testing that confirmed a diagnosis of Huntington Disease (HD). A CT scan of the head showed wider ventricles than is typical of HD. The head CT and gait change suggested normal pressure hydrocephalus (NPH). Lumbar puncture (LP) led to improved neuropsychologic test scores and walking thereby supporting the diagnosis of NPH. Surprisingly, the LP also led to an 80% improvement of chorea. There are two other reports of an association between HD and NPH. NPH should be considered in HD patients with atypical symptoms, such as the inability to walk or rapid progression, as its treatment may lead to improved cognition, gait, and chorea.
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PMID:Lumbar puncture alleviates chorea in a patient with Huntington's disease and normal pressure hydrocephalus. 2017 44

In recent years, more attention has been given to the early diagnostic evaluation of patients with dementia which is essential to identify patients with cognitive symptoms who may have treatable conditions. Guidelines suggest that all patients presenting with dementia or cognitive symptoms should be evaluated with a range of laboratory tests, and with structural brain imaging with computed tomography (CT) or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). While many of the disorders reported as 'reversible dementias' are conditions that may well be associated with cognitive or behavioral symptoms, these symptoms are not always sufficiently severe to fulfill the clinical criteria for dementia. Thus, while the etiology of a condition may be treatable it should not be assumed that the associated dementia is fully reversible. Potentially reversible dementias should be identified and treatment considered, even if the symptoms are not sufficiently severe to meet the clinical criteria for dementia, and even if partial or full reversal of the cognitive symptoms cannot be guaranteed. In the literature, the most frequently observed potentially reversible conditions identified in patients with cognitive impairment or dementia are depression, adverse effects of drugs, drug or alcohol abuse, space-occupying lesions, normal pressure hydrocephalus, and metabolic conditions land endocrinal conditions like hypothyroidism and nutritional conditions like vitamin B-12 deficiency. Depression is by far the most common of the potentially reversible conditions. The review, hence addresses the common causes of reversible dementia and the studies published so far.
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PMID:Reversible dementias. 2141 18

The VP Shunt is a common pediatric surgical procedure in our country. Hydrocephalus is commonly associated with meningomyelocele in Arnold Chiari malformation-II and the ventriculoperitoneal shunt insertion is the common surgical procedure for the management of hydrocephalus. The standard protocol is to rule out any hydrocephalus by preoperative MRI. If associated with hydrocephalus, insertion of the VP shunt is indicated before the repair of MMC whereas the absence of hydrocephalus indicates that the surgical repair of MMC is to be undertaken immediately. Anesthetic management of the patient during the insertion of ventriculoperitoneal shunt may pose problems. We report here two cases of ACM-II (lumbar MMC with associated hydrocephalus) who had respiratory depression / delayed emergence after an otherwise uneventful procedure. Although the VP shunt (first procedure) required postoperative ventilation which improved later, the phenomena of respiratory depression / delayed emergence did not occur after the MMC repair (second surgery). The possible mechanisms involved in these events and their various clinical aspects are discussed below.
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PMID:Respiratory depression during VP shunting in Arnold Chiari malformation Type-II, a rare complication (Case reports and review of literature). 2188 76

True ossification within benign brain tumors is rare, and the molecular mechanism for this process is poorly understood. The authors report a case of ossified choroid plexus papilloma (CPP) and analyze it to help elucidate the underlying molecular basis of osteogenesis in benign brain tumors. A 21-year-old man presented with headache and depression that progressed over years. Computed tomography, MRI, and angiography demonstrated a large heavily calcified fourth ventricular tumor with a vascular blush and no hydrocephalus. The tumor was resected and was found to be an ossified CPP. Immunohistochemical staining for VEGF, Sox2, BMP-2, osterix, osteopontin, and osteocalcin was performed in an attempt to elucidate the mechanism of bone formation. The tumor was extensively ossified with mature bone trabeculae. Immunostaining for VEGF was positive. Additional staining showed the presence of osteocalcin in this ossified tumor but not in samples of nonossified CPPs collected from other patients. Staining for osterix and osteopontin was equivocally positive in the ossified CPP but also in the nonossified CPPs examined. The presence of osteocalcin in the ossified CPP demonstrates that there is true bone formation rather than simple calcification. Its appearance within cells around the trabeculae suggests the presence of osteoblasts. The presence of osterix suggests that a pluripotent cell, or one that is already partially differentiated, may be differentiated into an osteoblast through this pathway. This represents the first systematic immunohistochemical analysis of osteogenesis within choroid plexus tumors.
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PMID:Ossified choroid plexus papilloma of the fourth ventricle: elucidation of the mechanism of osteogenesis in benign brain tumors. 2364 63

Normal pressure hydrocephalus is characterized by gait disturbance, urinary incontinence, cognitive impairment, and the finding of ventriculomegaly in imaging studies. It is one of the causes of potentially reversible dementia. The authors present the case of a patient with depression complicated by hydrocephalus. The combination of symptoms led to a delay in proper diagnosis and treatment.
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PMID:Undiagnosed normal pressure hydrocephalus as a cause of diagnostic difficulties in a patient with depression. 2424 5

Central Neurocytomas are rare and usually benign tumors found primarily in the lateral ventricles of the brain. Central Neurocytomas are composed of uniform round cells exhibiting neuronal differentiation and are found almost exclusively in young adults between 15 and 60 years of age. The authors report the case of an 81-year-old man with a history of severe psychosis and depression, who presented with progressive confusion and ataxia likely unrelated to a central neurocytoma of his right lateral ventricle. The patient underwent a stereotactic biopsy of the lesion, followed by Gamma Knife radiosurgery. Histopathology showed immunohistological staining for synaptophysin, neuron specific enolase (NSE) and neuronal nuclear antigen (NeuN). A review of published literature on central neurocytomas revealed that this tumor occurs most frequently in young adults with a median age between 25 and 30 years. This pathology has never been reported in patients over the age of 80. Gamma Knife radiosurgery was successful in decreasing the tumor volume by 20% at the four month follow-up, but the fact that the patient died of unrelated occurrences in the elderly cannot be ruled out. Patients with central neurocytomas commonly present with obstructive hydrocephalus and immediate treatment may be necessary to tide over urgent situations.
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PMID:Central neurocytoma: case report of an 81-year-old and histopathologic findings. 2429 91

Although aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage (aSAH) accounts for only 3-5% of all strokes, a high degree of morbidity has been reported in this relatively young subset of patients. Neuropsychiatric disturbance has often been neglected in these reports. We aimed to investigate the pattern and pathological factors of chronic neuropsychiatric disturbance in aSAH patients. This cross-sectional observational four-center study was carried out in Hong Kong. Neuropsychiatric outcome (Neuropsychiatric Inventory Chinese Version [CNPI]) assessments were conducted cross-sectionally 1-4 years after ictus. Pathological factors considered were early brain injury as assessed by admission World Federation of Neurosurgical Societies grade, aneurysm treatment (clipping versus coiling), delayed cerebral infarction, and chronic hydrocephalus. One hundred and three aSAH patients' spouses or caregivers completed the CNPI. Forty-two (41%) patients were reported to have one or more domain(s) of neuropsychiatric disturbance. Common neuropsychiatric disturbance domains included agitation/aggression, depression, apathy/indifference, irritability/lability, and appetite/eating disturbance. Chronic neuropsychiatric disturbance was associated with presence of chronic hydrocephalus. A subscore consisting of the five commonly affected domains seems to be a suitable tool for aSAH patients and should be further validated and replicated in future studies.
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PMID:Neuropsychiatric disturbance after aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage. 2492 62


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