Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0011570 (depression)
 172,036 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Certain phosphorothioate oligodeoxynucleotide (S-oligo) analogs, unlike their normal congeners, have been found to exhibit significant anti-HIV activity [Matsukura et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 84 (1987) 7706-7710]. Here we report melting temperatures (Tm) of a series of S-oligos compared with those of the corresponding normal oligomers. The Tm's for AT base pairs of S-oligos are significantly depressed relative to normal oligos, while GC-containing S-oligos show much less Tm depression. The Tm's of S-dT oligomers with poly(rA) are reduced relative to the duplexes with normal dA oligomers. These results provide a rational basis for the S-d(CG) sequences as anti-message inhibitors of gene expression. We also describe an automated synthesis of 5'-acridine linked oligothymidylates using phosphoramidite-linked acridine. During this synthesis we noted the replacement of thiophenol for the 6-chloro substituent on acridine. We have measured the Tm's of the compounds with 3 and 5 methylene groups linked to normal and phosphorothioate dTn (with n = 3-40) on duplex formation with the equivalent dAn, and have found small increases of Tm for the 5-methylene-linked acridine derivative. We have monitored the uptake of these fluorescently labeled oligos into HL60 cells, and found that the shorter oligos are more rapidly taken up than the longer, and the normal oligos faster than the S-oligos. The temperature dependence of the cellular uptake suggests an energy-dependent process, and a possible membrane receptor for oligos. These results have significance for the potential use of such compounds as inhibitors of gene expression.
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PMID:Phosphorothioate and normal oligodeoxyribonucleotides with 5'-linked acridine: characterization and preliminary kinetics of cellular uptake. 285 90

Mononuclear leukocytes from human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-seronegative and -seropositive homosexual men lysed HIV-infected U937 cells to a significantly greater degree than uninfected U937 cells. Depletion of cell subsets with monoclonal antibodies and complement indicated that the effector cells were primarily of the CD16+ phenotype. Acid-stable alpha interferon (IFN-alpha) production induced by the HIV-infected cells correlated with, although was not an absolute requisite for, preferential lysis of the infected targets. The activity of these CD16+, natural killer (NK) cells decreased in relation to the duration of HIV infection and the presence of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. Pretreatment of peripheral blood mononuclear cells from HIV-seronegative subjects, but not HIV-seropositive men, with IFN-alpha or recombinant interleukin-2 enhanced lysis of both uninfected and HIV-infected U937 cells. These results suggest that IFN-alpha-associated, NK-like mechanisms are active in the cytotoxic response against HIV-infected cells and that HIV infection results in an early and progressive depression of such responses. Prospective investigations may be useful in determining the role of this NK cell response in the natural history and pathogenesis of HIV infection and the efficacy of therapeutic modalities.
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PMID:Association of alpha interferon production with natural killer cell lysis of U937 cells infected with human immunodeficiency virus. 291 35

Serum beta 2-microglobulin (beta 2-M) was measured in two prospectively evaluated groups of homosexual men in 1983 and 1985. Serum beta 2-M was raised in 64% of patients with HIV infection, but in only 6.7% of uninfected homosexuals. Depression of the total lymphocyte count was only clinically useful when it reached less than 1.0 X 10(9)/l. In further studies all patients with AIDS and AIDS-related complex (ARC) had raised levels of serum beta 2-M. Mean levels of beta 2-M did not differ between patients with persistent generalized lymphadenopathy (PGL) and asymptomatic HIV-infected patients. Raised serum levels of beta 2-M accompanied major immune dysfunction in HIV infection. Serum beta 2-M levels of greater than 3.0 mg/l in HIV-infected homosexual men were associated with progression to AIDS.
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PMID:Serum beta 2-microglobulin and human immunodeficiency virus infection. 313 78

HIV disease often leads to neuropsychiatric disturbance, either through direct infection of the brain by the virus or through CNS disease secondary to immunodeficiency. Neuropsychiatric complications of AIDS and AIDS-related disorders may present clinically as acute or chronic organic mental syndromes, or may mimic functional psychiatric illness, in particular depression, anxiety, or psychotic states. Two cases of hypomanic states in homosexual men suffering from AIDS are reported. Neither of the two men had a personal or family history of affective disorder. In one man, hypomanic symptoms were caused by early HIV encephalopathy; he rapidly developed typical HIV dementia with a marked downhill course. In the second case, a clear connection between the hypomanic symptoms and direct HIV brain involvement was not established.
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PMID:Two cases of hypomania in AIDS. 316 73

Neuropsychological examination was performed on 13 patients and 10 matched controls to assess the brain involvement of patients with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection. HIV-infected patients showed a significant decline in visuomotor, visuoconstructive and practical abilities as well as in motor-free visuospatial performance and repeating a long sentence. These findings could not be explained by the concomitant mental depression of these patients. Neither were they associated with any particular stage of HIV infection. The results suggest that mild cognitive changes may be detected even in the early stages of HIV infection, when examined by appropriate neuropsychological methods.
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PMID:Cognitive changes as early signs of HIV infection. 317 82

Pathogenesis of HIV infection and expression of retroviral proteins are gradually being elucidated. Antibody to HIV is a marker of past or present viral infection. The virus can be isolated from cultured lymphocytes of seropositive but not seronegative patients. Sero-epidemiological studies show that the majority of infected patients are asymptomatic carriers without biological sign of immune depression. Some then show immune abnormalities such as a decrease of CD4 cells in the blood; some patients present with lymphadenopathies or signs of AIDS-related complexes. Frank AIDS is a late stage of the disease. Some cofactors increase the immunodeficiency and then accelerate the passage from asymptomatic carrier to persistent generalized lymphadenopathies or AIDS by spreading the virus into target cells, susceptible T4 cells, bone marrow precursors, or brain. These AIDS patients then present with opportunistic infections and/or malignancies like Kaposi's sarcoma, lymphoma, and/or brain diseases (dementia or encephalitis).
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PMID:HIV target cells: effect of their infection by HIV on the pathogenesis of AIDS. 326 Sep 82

Four depressed and cognitively impaired patients with HIV-related disease had a marked therapeutic response to treatment with psychostimulants. Use of dextroamphetamine and methylphenidate brought a prompt remission of depressive and cognitive dysfunctions without adverse side effects. The results suggest the need for further evaluation of psychostimulants in the treatment of HIV patients whose depression proceeds from an affective disturbance (either primary or secondary) or from a specific organic mental disorder. The importance of neuropsychiatric assessment of depressed HIV patients is stressed, and diagnostic and treatment guidelines are given.
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PMID:Response of HIV-related depression to psychostimulants: case reports. 340 22

We evaluated 100 human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) antibody-positive persons from the only alternate test site in Los Angeles. Thirty-five subjects complained of systemic symptoms suggestive of HIV infection and 65 were completely asymptomatic. Irrespective of symptoms, the group as a whole demonstrated clinical and laboratory evidence of immunodeficiency. Eighty had generalized lymphadenopathy, 16 onychomycosis, six oral candidiasis, and two biopsy-proved Kaposi's sarcoma. Seventy-seven were anergic to seven intradermal antigens. Despite normal white blood cell counts in most subjects, the T-helper-cell count was less than 300/mm3 in 48% of asymptomatic and 46% of symptomatic subjects. The degree of immune depression was less severe but approximated that of patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome after Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia. We believe these findings justify the need for comprehensive medical evaluation and follow-up care for seropositive persons from alternate test sites.
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PMID:Clinical features of 100 human immunodeficiency virus antibody-positive individuals from an alternate test site. 350 Jun 85

Cognitive disorders associated with HIV infection may be due to focal lesions (lymphoma, toxoplasmosis, progressive multifocal leukoencephalitis, etc.), metabolic encephalopathy (e.g. hepatic insufficiency) or psychiatric disorders (depression). In the absence of such causes a "cognitive and motor syndrome associated with HIV infection" has been defined on clinical criteria (Working group of the American Academy of Neurology, 1991). This syndrome is not consistently associated with any specific lesion. Neither the multifocal encephalitis of HIV or CMV infection nor the diffuse leukoencephalopathy associated with HIV are the only causes. The existence of a neocortical neuronal loss has been suggested by several retrospective studies, but our prospective study has not shown cortical or subcortical atrophy. Measurement of neuronal density in Brodmann's areas 4,9 and 40 has not revealed a significant loss either global, by layer, or by column. The only constant lesion was gliosis of the cortex and white matter. Neuronal loss, therefore, is not indispensable to the occurrence of cognitive disorders in AIDS. The mechanism of dementia might be: dysfunction of cortical neurons (dendritic abnormalities, virus/neurotransmitter competition); subcortical dysfunction, as suggested by the high density of microglial nodules in that region; white matter lesions which could be due to abnormalities in the blood-brain barrier. The expression of cell adhesion molecules (VCAM-1, VLA-4, ICAM-1 and LFA-1) by endothelial cerebral cells is not significantly different in AIDS patients, demented or not, and in patients with multiple sclerosis. In contrast, the expression of VCAM-1 by astrocytes is significantly increased in demented AIDS patients compared with non demented ones.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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PMID:[HIV and dementia: neuropathology]. 747 30

This article provides a clinically-oriented overview of palliative care for patients with AIDS. Indicators of decreased survival time are divided into categories of infections/illnesses, clinical signs and symptoms, immunological and serological markers, and psychosocial factors. Primary symptoms in AIDS are discussed according to etiology and treatment. However, treatments of opportunistic infections per se are not directly addressed in this article. Problems discussed include pain, confusion, depression and anxiety, fatigue, fever, dyspnea, nausea and vomiting, diarrhea, wasting, and dehydration. The article also briefly addresses clinical and ethical questions and challenges presented by AIDS to hospice or palliative care providers, and the various stages of HIV infection.
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PMID:Palliative care for patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. 749 35


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