Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0011570 (depression)
 172,036 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

An analysis of the inter-rater reliability, validity and sensibility to clinical change of Krawiecka's "Psychiatric Evaluation Scale" was carried out. Reliability was found to be fair to good in all items and the total score, the lowest values corresponding to "blunted-incongruent affect". Global validity was tested against Endicott et al's GAS and partial validity of "depression" against Beck Depression Inventory. In both cases positive and significant correlations were attained. The scale was also found to be sensitive to clinical changes in the following items: anxiety, delusions, hallucinations, incoherent-irrelevant speech and total score. Total score at one month after discharge significantly correlated with Strauss-Carpenter's "Out-come Scale" Endicott et al's GAS and a measure of daily instrumental activities eight months later.
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PMID:[Reliability, validity and sensitivity to change of the psychiatric evaluation scale of Krawiecka]. 273 16

Delusions and hallucinations reported in the social histories of 150 patients admitted to an East Texas state hospital during the 1930s and of 150 patients admitted during the 1980s were examined for content that would characterize and contrast the patient subcultural milieu of the two time periods. Patients admitted during the 1930s tended to reflect the material deprivation and personal powerlessness of the great depression in delusions of great wealth and positive "special powers." The hallucinatory visions and voices of the 1980s patients reflected a more threatening and negative subcultural milieu, with more visions of blood, snakes, and dead people or animals. Command hallucinations to hurt, to kill, or to do "perverse things" would also suggest that the subculture milieu of the 1980s had become more dangerous.
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PMID:Delusions and hallucinations as a reflection of the subcultural milieu among psychotic patients of the 1930s and 1980s. 275 32

We investigated possible causative factors for the high epileptic suicide rate by reviewing the cases of 22 patients with idiopathic epilepsy found among 711 patients hospitalized for a suicide attempt by overdose. Suicide attempts occurred with increased seizure activity in one epileptic; otherwise, no relationships were found with seizure-related variables. When matched by age, sex, and race with 44 nonepileptic controls from the same population, the epileptics had more borderline personality disorders with multiple impulsive suicide attempts (45.5% vs 13.6%), more psychotic disturbances, including command hallucinations (31.8% vs 9.1%), fewer adjustment disorders (18.2% vs 45.5%), and a comparable frequency of depression (13.6% vs 25%). We conclude that suicide attempts in epileptics are primarily associated with interictal psychopathologic factors, such as borderline personality disorder and psychosis, rather than with specific psychosocial stressors, seizure variables, or anticonvulsant medications.
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PMID:Causative factors for suicide attempts by overdose in epileptics. 232 27

The author reviews the literature reporting the untoward effects of withdrawing monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs). The withdrawal of these agents can result in severe anxiety, agitation, pressured speech, sleeplessness or drowsiness, hallucinations, delirium and paranoid psychosis. MAOI withdrawal phenomena resemble the symptoms produced by the discontinuation of chronically administered psychostimulants. The capacity of MAOI to exert amphetamine-like effects presynaptically, and the propensity of somatic treatments for depression to subsensitize presynaptic receptors regulating the release of catecholamines, can provide a basis for the development of psychotic syndromes upon the withdrawal of MAOIs. Evidence for this hypothesis is reviewed.
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PMID:Monoamine oxidase inhibitor withdrawal phenomena: symptoms and pathophysiology. 284 11

In spite of 35 years of experience with antipsychotic drugs, the psychiatrists are still faced with the limitations of these drugs: no or minimal therapeutic effect in hallucinations and delusions in about 25% of schizophrenic patients; persisting anergia and emotional withdrawal in otherwise successfully treated patients; a great spectrum of side effects, some irreversible. Quo vadis? An incidental discovery of a completely new drug, a new "chlorpromazine" would be the ideal solution, but for the present, one has to continue with the small pragmatic steps, especially within the following areas: (a) the selective antidopaminergic drugs, especially the substituted benzamides, may be further developed in the direction of antipsychotic selectivity with fewer and fewer extrapyramidal side effects; (b) the atypical clozapine ought soon to have successors, hopefully without the risk of bone marrow depression and cardiovascular side effects; (c) the D1 antagonists as well as the D1 agonists may imply therapeutically valuable effects; (d) the dopamine autoreceptor has long been in focus, but until now, no pure agonist has been found, and the drugs available, including (-)3-PPP, appear to have many side effects; (e) serotonin antagonists may be an interesting possibility; and (f) when it may be possible to influence brain peptides more efficiently than up to now, this area will probably provide us with several psychotropic drugs. Furthermore, during the search for new antipsychotic drugs, one must not forget to improve the practical use of available neuroleptics and of nonpharmacological, psychosocial treatment modalities.
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PMID:Future treatment of schizophrenia. 290 Oct 86

A double-blind, multicenter study compared the safety and efficacy of oral betaxolol 10 to 40 mg once daily (n = 68) with propranolol 40 to 160 mg twice daily (n = 73) in the treatment of mild to moderate essential hypertension. Both agents produced significant (P less than 0.01) and comparable reductions in mean supine systolic and diastolic blood pressures (7/11 mm Hg on betaxolol and 9/10 mm Hg on propranolol). Both betaxolol and propranolol significantly (P less than 0.01) reduced mean supine heart rate by 9 beats per minute. Patients achieved a more significant (P less than 0.01) reduction in blood pressure earlier (weeks 2 and 4 of the titration period) with betaxolol. By the end of treatment there was no significant difference in response between treatment groups. A higher incidence of central nervous system side effects (insomnia, bizarre dreams, depression, hallucinations, dizziness), however, was seen with propranolol than with betaxolol. Overall, the data show that in patients with mild to moderate essential hypertension, betaxolol 10 to 40 mg administered once daily is as effective as and better tolerated than propranolol 40 to 160 mg administered twice daily.
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PMID:Comparison of betaxolol, a new beta 1-adrenergic antagonist, to propranolol in the treatment of mild to moderate hypertension. 290 Dec 66

The emergence of depression, parkinsonism, and akathisia after neuroleptic therapy was associated with increased length of hospital-stay in schizophrenics with affective heredity only. In schizophrenics with schizophrenic heredity, increased length of hospital-stay was associated with residual hallucinations and apathy. In the former patients, findings were theoretically attributed to a putative biogenetic abnormality sensitive to the effects of neuroleptic drugs.
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PMID:Relationship of adverse drug reactions to length of hospital-stay in genetically subgrouped schizophrenics. 290 32

During phase-II studies monitored by Hoechst AG (Germany) and Daiichi (Japan) and phase-III/IV studies of Hoechst AG 577 adverse drug reactions were recorded among 13,717 patients treated with ofloxacin. Treatment was stopped in about 40% of the patients with adverse drug reactions. Most of the adverse reactions concerned the gastrointestinal tract. 124 adverse reactions concerned the central nervous system, mostly headache and sleep disturbances (n = 84). For the rare occurrences of other symptoms of the central nervous system, such as hallucinations (n = 1), nightmares (n = 1), confusion (n = 1), and depression (n = 2) the data are inadequate to appraise the relative importance of possible contributing factors.
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PMID:Safety of ofloxacin--adverse drug reactions reported during phase-II studies in Europe and in Japan. 295 61

Sensory symptoms are generally not associated with Huntington's disease (HD). We describe two patients with HD who had painful somatosensory symptoms. One patient also had auditory hallucinations. No other cause was found for these symptoms. Both patients also had significant depression and one patient committed suicide. Somatosensory symptoms may be a marker for depression in HD.
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PMID:Somatosensory phenomena in Huntington's disease. 297 28

Terguride is an ergoline derivative with mixed agonistic/antagonistic dopaminergic activity. This led to a paradoxical suggestion that it is effective in the treatment of both schizophrenia and parkinsonism. A total of 65 in- or outpatients with parkinsonism mostly of vascular or idiopathic etiology were included in a 4-week, open, multicenter trial. Terguride was administered under an increasing dose schedule which was leveled off according to the clinical response. Mostly because of nausea, vomiting, and lack of improvement 25% of inpatients and 61% of outpatients were removed from the study. The average daily dose at the end of the trial was 4.2 mg, ranging from 1.0 to 5.5 mg. The average Simpson and Angus scale total score and performance in the Spiral Drawing Task improved significantly during the trial by 20% and 38% respectively. The following adverse effects were noted most frequently throughout the study (including those who withdrew): constipation (occurred in 42% of all ratings performed during the trial) drowsiness and nausea (16% each). Adverse circulatory effects were negligible. Psychotic symptoms, including depression, confusion, hallucinations, and paranoid syndrome, each occurred in 1 patient, i.e., at a lower rate than with other dopaminergic drugs. Scotopic electroretinograms in a subsample of 7 patients showed a significant transitory decrease in the B-wave amplitude at the end of the 1st week and a subsequent return to pretreatment values.
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PMID:Terguride in parkinsonism. A multicenter trial. 304 1


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