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Query: UMLS:C0011570 (depression)
 172,036 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

To examine the necessary and sufficient status of delusions and hallucinations as clinical features of psychotic (delusional) depression, we studied a consecutive sample of 137 patients meeting DSM-III, RDC and our clinical criteria for endogenous depression/melancholia, of whom 35 had delusions and/or hallucinations, and represented our putative 'psychotic depressives' (PDs). The PDs were contrasted with the remaining 'endogenous depressives' (the EDs), and an age- and sex-matched subsample of the latter, the MEDs. Univariate and multivariate analyses of clinical features established that, in addition to the presence of delusions and/or hallucinations, the PDs could be distinguished in particular by severe psychomotor disturbance, as well as by sustained and unvarying depressive content, the absence of any diurnal mood variation and by constipation. Latent class analyses suggested that overt psychotic features (such as delusions and hallucinations) were sufficient but not necessary for a subject to be assigned to the 'psychotic' latent class, and a subsequent chart review suggested that, in some PDs actual psychotic features may not be able to be elicited because of severe psychomotor change, suggesting that clinical reliance on eliciting delusions or hallucinations may result in a number of 'masked psychotic depressives' escaping valid diagnosis.
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PMID:Distinguishing psychotic and non-psychotic melancholia. 191 57

Three studies were conducted on elderly patients with dementia. A case of control study on life styles before falling ill revealed that "intake of sweets" was significantly associated with clinically diagnosed dementia of the Alzheimer's type. Evaluation of treatments of outpatients suggests that proper care and some kinds of neuroleptics are useful for alleviation of abnormal behavior such as agitation, wandering, hallucination, insomnia and depression, but not for improvement of cognitive function and memory. A study on caregivers of elderly demented patients was undertaken to determine the relationship between the components of burden and symptoms of patients. Insomnia and abnormal behavior of patients correlated with physical and mental components of the burden of caregivers. Memory disturbance, psychological symptoms and deterioration in ADL correlated with physical burden. These studies indicate that symptoms accompanying dementia such as insomnia, wandering, hallucination and agitation should be the treated intensively for the purpose of improvement of the quality of the lives of patients and caregivers.
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PMID:[Prevention and treatment of dementia: what should we do today?]. 194 24

Fifty-six patients who were hospitalised for a schizophrenic episode were followed up for nine months after discharge. The Psychiatric Assessment Scale (PAS, Krawiecka et al., 1977) was administered at monthly intervals during this period. Twenty-three patients relapsed of which data were available for sixteen. In these sixteen patients who relapsed comparisons were made of the PAS symptoms between the month prior to relapse and the month preceding this. Sixteen patients who did not relapse were randomly matched with the relapsing patients and an index point comparable in time to relapse onset in the matched relapsed patient was identified. Comparisons were made on the PAS symptoms using a repeated measures ANOVA to compare relapsers and non relapsers on the month prior to relapse and the month which preceded this. Discriminant function analysis was used to predict relapse by analysis of those PAS symptoms which showed an increase in the month before relapse. This suggested that the measures of depression and hallucinations significantly increased in the month prior to relapse compared to the preceding month in relapsers but not non-relapsers. The results of this study closely agree with previous published results even though there were some differences between studies in the patient samples.
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PMID:Prodromal signs of relapse in schizophrenia. 194 95

A cohort of 330 Chinese schizophrenic patients below age 40 were interviewed 5, 10 and 15 years later to determine which variables could predict their outcome. There were 189 males (57%) and 141 females (43%). At the end of 15 years, 48 (15%) died (34 (10%) from suicide). At the end of 5, 10 and 15 years, the percentages of patients still able to work were 55%, 54% and 48%, and still receiving treatment were 45%, 41% and 45% respectively. The patients who were well in 1990 had fewer readmissions. The only variables that consistently predicted outcome was duration of illness. Age and education level were fairly useful in predicting outcome. Sex, family history, work status, marital status, alcohol, drug and suicide history, and such symptoms as thought disorder, affective blunting, depression, delusions and hallucinations were not useful in predicting outcome.
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PMID:A 15-year follow-up study of Chinese schizophrenic patients. 195 Jun 20

During 1984-1989, 19 Bedouin children, 4-8 years old, were hospitalized because of henbane plant (Hyoscyamus reticulatus) poisoning. There were 14 cases in the autumn, 3 in the spring and 2 in the summer. The most prominent signs were altered state of consciousness (including deep coma in 3) and flushed dry, warm skin in all. Pupils were dilated in 18 of the 19 and restlessness and hallucinations were present in 17. Less common were vomiting, increased tendon reflexes, convulsions, involuntary movements, ataxia, hypertension, hyperpyrexia and tachycardia. Therapy included intravenous physostigmine in 7 and sedatives (diazepam and triclofos) in 6. All were free of symptoms within 24 hours of admission. Henbane may grow as an annual or biennial. Renewed growth of leaf rosettes occurs before the first rains and they attract attention in the fields. The parts of the plant eaten by most of the children were the roots, which are easily mistaken for the edible roots of other plants. The main alkaloids in henbane are atropine (hyoscyamine) and scopolamine (hyoscine) which explains the clinical picture of mixed stimulation and depression of the brain. Educational measures should be undertaken to prevent poisoning of Bedouin children by eating such plants.
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PMID:[Henbane (Hyoscyamus reticulatus) poisoning in children in the Negev]. 195 6

1. The authors review the literature describing acute symptomatology produced by the gradual or abrupt withdrawal of heterocyclic antidepressants, monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOI) and neuroleptics. 2. Withdrawal of heterocyclic antidepressants and antipsychotic agents causes similar symptomatology. Symptoms produced by the discontinuation of these drugs include nausea, emesis, anorexia, diarrhea, rhinorrhea, diaphoresis, myalgias, paresthesias, anxiety, agitation, restlessness, and insomnia. 3. Psychotic relapse is often presaged by anxiety, agitation, restlessness, and insomnia. Prodromal symptoms are distinguished from the effects of neuroleptic withdrawal by a temporal relationship of the latter to reductions in the dosage or discontinuation of antipsychotic agents. 4. Withdrawal of MAOIs can result in severe anxiety, agitation, pressured speech, sleeplessness or drowsiness, hallucinations, delirium, and paranoid psychosis. 5. MAOI withdrawal phenomena resemble the symptoms produced by the discontinuation of chronically administered psychostimulants. 6. The capacity of MAOIs to exert amphetamine-like effects presynaptically and the propensity of somatic treatments for depression to subsensitize presynaptic receptors regulating the release of catecholamines provide a basis for the development of psychotic symptoms upon the withdrawal of MAOI. Evidence for this hypothesis is reviewed.
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PMID:Heterocyclic antidepressant, monoamine oxidase inhibitor and neuroleptic withdrawal phenomena. 196 71

In this study of 133 schizophrenic outpatients, we assessed characteristic hostility and correlates of hostility over a 6-month period. Results showed that 13 percent of the study group were characteristically violent, 18 percent were characteristically threatening, and another 21 percent were irritable and argumentative. About half (48%) were without hostility. A multiple regression model identified six variables--housing instability, hallucinations or delusions, schizoaffective diagnosis, lack of depression, alcohol use, and bizarre behavior--that together accounted for over 50 percent of the variance in observed characteristic hostility. Hostility also predicted rehospitalization and total inpatient days during 1-year followup. Implications of these findings for assessment and future research are discussed.
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PMID:Characteristic hostility in schizophrenic outpatients. 204 86

An analysis from the Finnish East and West Cohort of the Seven Countries Study tested the hypothesis that front line service during modern warfare is associated with depression later in life. World War Two-era Finnish combat veterans were compared to Finnish veterans who were non-combatants. Both groups were followed from 1959 to 1984. Dependent variables were the Zung depression scale and other measures of psychosocial adaptation and mental health. Analysis of variance of Zung scores by combat exposure was close to statistical significance (p = 0.0501). Even if statistical significance had been reached, it is felt that the absolute magnitude of the differences between the populations appear quite trivial. A significant association was found for those who had participated in over nine battles and when grouping depression, sleeplessness, paranoia, hallucinations, schizophrenia, and other mental illness into the general category of any mental illness (O.R. = 4.414; 95% C.I. = 1.113, 17.503). This seems to support the residual stress hypothesis pertaining to modern combat exposure.
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PMID:Depression late after combat: a follow-up of Finnish World War Two veterans from the seven countries east-west cohort. 205 71

The clinical symptoms of Alzheimer's disease must be assessed and characterized comprehensively to confirm a diagnosis of dementia, to follow the course of the illness, and to evaluate the effects of treatment. Comprehensive assessment measures are multi-item scales that evaluate the various core cognitive symptoms of dementia and that provide a total score representing the overall magnitude of cognitive impairment. Neuropsychologic test batteries provide more detailed, objective evaluations of the various cognitive functions that are impaired. Global staging methods provide a single measure of the stage or severity of dementia, which is useful for tracking the clinical course and for comparisons among different studies. Scales to assess activities of daily living (basic physical functions and more complex instrumental activities) provide the most clinically relevant information regarding a patient's capacity to function in daily life. Finally, noncognitive behavioral symptom scales evaluate the secondary dementia symptoms (depression, agitation, hallucinations, delusions, etc.) that provide the greatest difficulty for patient management.
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PMID:Scales for the assessment of Alzheimer's disease. 206 23

Neuropsychiatric disorders following stroke are common, and pathologic involvement of specific regions or functional systems results in behavioral syndromes similar to idiopathic psychiatric syndromes. Depression occurs in up to half of all stroke patients and is most frequently associated with left anterior cortical and subcortical infarctions. Mood changes interfere with cognitive, functional and social recovery. Treatment with heterocyclic antidepressants, stimulants, and electroconvulsive therapy is efficacious in most patients. Mania, delusions, hallucinations, personality alterations, obsessive-compulsive disorder, and changes in sexual behavior are less common but have also been described in post-stroke patients. Each behavioral syndrome is associated with a specific pattern of brain involvement. Investigation of these phenomena contributes to understanding the cerebral basis of psychiatric disorders.
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PMID:Neuropsychiatric aspects of stroke. 206 51


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