Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0011570 (depression)
 172,036 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Various organic and psychosomatic factors have been postulated over the years as etiologic events antedating the onset of Graves' disease. In some patients psychological events have appeared to be important in the evocation of symptoms. Although examples of the latter have been described in adults for many years, there is little published on this phenomenon in children. The present study delineates findings in two boys and two girls with an age range of 8 to 14 years. Separating experiences appeared to be related to the onset or relapse of Graves' disease in these particular cases. In three of the patients the trigger event was represented by bereavement after death of a close relative; in the fourth case the boy's loss was enforced and traumatic separation from his mother figure. In all these children depression was the common response to loss. The observed relationship between the affective disturbance and Graves' disease is compatible with one or more hypothetical models. One such pathway, via depletion of brain monoamines associated with the state of depression, could cause an activation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis with resultant suppression of immune surveillance. This could permit the formation of thyroid-stimulating immunoglobulins (TSI) and hence Graves' disease in genetically susceptible (HLA B-8) persons.
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PMID:Bereavement as an antecedent factor in thyrotoxicosis of childhood: four case studies with survey of possible metabolic pathways. 39 58

This study comprises 81 thyrotoxic patients with onset after the age of 60. In elderly persons, toxic multinodular goiter is the most common cause (68%) of hyperthyroidism, followed by solitary thyroid nodules (16%) and Graves' disease (16%). Cardiovascular disorders (cardiac failure, arrythmias etc.) constitute the first and often the only symptom in 62% of the cases. The other forms of appearance are both various and deceptive: depression, slight fever, asthenia or nausea. Separate analysis of the three forms of hyperthyroidism did not reveal clinical, biological or therapeutic differences between them, except an inferior rate of captation for the toxic nodules. Isolated measurement of T3 or T4 is often insufficient to confirm the diagnosis because either of these hormones may appear at a normal rate. In three cases only the free thyroxin index was pathological on first determination. The authors have established that the autonomous nodules are larger and more active after, rather than before, 60 years of age, and have attempted to define their morphological identity. The results of the treatment are analyzed and preference is expressed for radioactive iodine in every form of hyperthyroidism.
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PMID:[Hyperthyroidism in older patients]. 58 12

Dysthyroid optic neuropathy (DON) was diagnosed in 36 eyes of 21 patients with progressive visual loss and congestive ophthalmopathy. Systemic features in the patients with DON did not differ from those reported for Graves' disease patients except that patients with DON were older (mean age, 61 years) and did not show female preponderance. Congestive symptoms always preceded visual loss, which was gradual in onset and bilateral in most patients but acute and asymmetrical in several. Presenting acuities were poorer than 20/60 in 50% of cases; central scotomas, sometimes combined with inferior depression, were the predominant field defects. Congestive signs were of moderate intensity without severe proptosis or exposure keratopathy. Bilateral and symmetrical ductional restriction was the most common motility disturbance. Oral corticosteroids were effective in restoring visual function in ten of 21 eyes treated. Many steroid-unresponsive eyes were improved promptly by supervoltage orbital irradiation or surgical decompression. In general, therapeutic intervention appeared to hasten recovery and improve visual outcome.
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PMID:Dysthyroid optic neuropathy. Clinical profile and rationale for management. 66 28

A patient with thyrotoxicosis from Graves' disease had concomitant muscular paralysis, hypophosphatemia, and severe hypokalemia. The parallel depression and return to normal of these electrolyte abnormalities and his neurologic status suggested that cellular ion influx was related to the paralysis.
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PMID:Hypophosphatemia in thyrotoxic periodic paralysis. 67 89

This paper reports the determined results of OKT3, OKT4, OKT8, ERFC, smIg and CIC, TMCA, TGA in 31 cases of Graves disease and in 20 normal controls. The results showed that the OKT3, OKT4, OKT8, ERFC were significantly lower than those in the normal controls, whereas the smIg was higher than that in normal controls. The difference between the two groups was very significant. Even though the ratio of OKT4/OKT8 showed no significance of both. Typology of Graves disease according to the theory of TCM, all 31 cases were divided into two types: (1) 14 cases of depression of Liver-energy and asthenia of Spleen; (2) 17 cases of deficiency of yin leads to hyperactivity of Fire. The OKT8 and the ratio of OKT4/OKT8 in the latter respectively were lower and higher than those of the former. The difference between the two types was significant (P less than 0.01, P less than 0.05) whereas the positive rates of the CIC, TMCA, TGA also were higher in the deficiency of Yin leads to hyperactivity of Fire than those in the depression of Liver-energy and asthenia of Spleen. After treatment with combined TCM-WM on 31 cases of Graves disease, it was found that the OKT4, OKT8, ERFC were significantly elevated, the smIg was markedly decreased than those without treatment. It was also found that smIg markedly decreased in two types, OKT8, ratio of OKT4/OKT8 in the latter and ERFC in both types all returned to normal. Remainder indexes had no obvious change before and after treatment.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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PMID:[Correlation between syndrome types of traditional Chinese medicine and peripheral T lymphocytes subsets in Graves' disease]. 139 77

In the discussion of possible factors in the etiology of Graves' disease, stress has always played a major role. We investigated the possible influence of present depression (depressivity scale DS) and anxiety (State Trait Angstinventar STAI X1) on peripheral lymphocyte subpopulations in 10 patients with Graves' disease. The tests were done in hyperthyroidism and after 2-4 months in stable euthyroidism. Parallel to the psychometric testing, peripheral lymphocyte subpopulations were investigated. Elevated anxiety as a constant personality trait was investigated with the State Trait Angstinventar STAI X2 in 19 hyperthyroid patients with Graves' disease. 5 of the 10 patients had a pathological T4:T8 ratio and very high raw values for present anxiety (mean = 53,8; STAI X1), as well as a a high percentile for depression (median 93,1; DS). The other 5 patients with a normal T4:T8 ratio had much lower values for anxiety (mean = 37,8; STAI X1) and depression (median 78,4; DS). In those patients, the T4:T8 ratio remained normal in stable euthyroidism, while the values for anxiety and depression decreased. This also happened in the patients with a formerly pathologic T4:T8 ratio. However, the pathologic T4:T8 ratio persisted in those patients. The STAI X2 percentage ranking for the 19 hyperthyroid patients was 76,5. The value for healthy people is 55,5. Therefore a significantly elevated anxiety--representing a constantly elevated internal psychological stress--seems to be present in patients with Graves' disease. Since psychological stress is known to influence the immune system, such a constant personality trait could be a predisposing factor for Graves' disease.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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PMID:The possible etiological role of psychological disturbances in Graves' disease. 151 57

Postpartum thyroid dysfunction (PPTD) refers to the syndromes of transient hyperthyroidism, transient hypothyroidism, or both, occurring sequentially in the first 12 months postpartum. Approximately 5 to 9% of women develop the disorder in this period. PPTD is most often subclinical but some women will experience symptoms such as lack of energy and depression in the hypothyroid phase. The thyroid gland, which normally enlarges during pregnancy, will remain enlarged or enlarge further in the postpartum period in a significant number of affected women, instead of returning to the prepregnancy size as in unaffected women. The gland is painless and histologically demonstrates lymphocytic infiltration. PPTD is strongly associated with the presence of antimicrosomal and/or antithyroglobulin antibodies, which occur in up to 76% of cases. Antibody activity tends to increase in the postpartum period and to peak at the time of onset of the disorder. TSH receptor antibodies are not seen and the gland has low radioiodine uptake, distinguishing PPTD from Graves' disease. The HLA associations are controversial, as is the role of dietary iodine. The etiology of PPTD is almost certainly immunological, reflecting the phenomenon of rebound from the relative immune tolerance of pregnancy. Detection of the disorder is important in order to reassure or treat those who are symptomatic and because PPTD may recur in subsequent pregnancies. In addition, up to one third of affected women will go on to develop permanent hypothyroidism 2 to 4 years later. The role of screening for PPTD remains to be clarified.
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PMID:Postpartum thyroid dysfunction. 152 73

Although the psychological disturbances accompanying Graves' disease are well known, the time required for normalisation of these disturbances during antithyroid drug treatment is not known. Therefore sequential psychological testing during the course of Graves' disease was done. There are also contradictory results concerning the possible correlation of neurophysiological and psychological test results during the course of Graves' disease with thyroid hormone values. Finally, psychological disturbances have been proposed as possible etiologic factors in Graves' disease. In our study, a significant decrease in anxiety and irritability could be observed at the time euthyroidism was achieved. Self-evaluations of depressivity, activity, exhaustion, well-being, extraversion, introversion, and the ability to concentrate changed 1 or 2 months after euthyroidism was induced. Similar test results could be observed after induction of euthyroidism by antithyroid drugs and subtotal thyroid resection. Therefore the mode of therapy does not seem to influence the course of normalisation of psychological parameters. In contrast to other investigations there was hardly any correlation between thyroid hormone values and psychological test results or the ability to concentrate. Nontheless, patients with Graves' disease showing high scores for depression and anxiety exhibit abnormal peripheral helper/suppressor T-lymphocyte relations. Furthermore, patients suffering from Graves' disease tend to be more anxious than controls. It remains to be determined whether an increased susceptibility to psychological disturbances has led to these alterations of lymphocyte subsets in Graves' disease patients with severe depression and anxiety.
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PMID:Sequential psychological testing during the course of autoimmune hyperthyroidism. 170 Jan 85

We evaluated thyroid function (T3, T4, TSH) and TRH Test in 17 patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder (DSM III criteria and at least 1 year duration) not associated to major depression (absence of DSM III criteria and depression Hamilton scale score, 17 items, below 16). Blood tests were performed following a drug-free period of at least 2 weeks. We accidentally discovered one case of hyperthyroidism with the diagnosis of Graves' disease. In the remaining group (n = 16), basal values of thyroid hormones and TSH were normal. 12.5% (2 cases) showed a blunted delta TSH (less than 5 mUl/l) and 0% a high delta TSH (greater than 20 mUl/l). A significant degree of negative correlation was only noted between delta TSH and age (r = -0.65). Lastly, we report a curious comorbidity between OCD and Graves' disease found in 3 cases within a population of 50 OC patients (or 6%) recruited in our psychiatric unit. The characteristics of these observations will be presented.
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PMID:[Obsessive-compulsive disorder and the study of thyroid function]. 178 94

Subacute thyroiditis is a common disease that often goes undetected. Indeed, both painful and painless thyroiditis are easily overlooked or misdiagnosed and perhaps mistreated unless careful attention is paid to the patient's history and physical examination. Treating the hyperthyroidism of subacute thyroiditis as if it were Graves' disease, for example, would be inappropriate, since therapy for the two entities is completely different. A form of painless thyroiditis, for reasons that remain unclear, can occur in the postpartum period and may be related to postpartum psychosis or depression.
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PMID:Painful, painless, and postpartum thyroiditis. Distinct entities or merely variants? 267 67


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