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Query: UMLS:C0011570 (depression)
 172,036 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Effects of 1% anaprilin instillations on intraocular pressure, ocular hydro- and hemodynamics, anterior chamber depth, pupil width, ocular functions, systemic arterial pressure and pulse rate were studied in 57 patients (94 eyes) with primary open-angle glaucoma. Anaprilin has shown a manifest hypotensive effect, explained by depression of aqueous humor production. The drug did not influence the visual functions, pupil width, or anterior chamber depth. A synergic effect on intraocular pressure was observed when anaprilin was combined with pilocarpine or clopheline.
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PMID:[Effectiveness of anaprilin in the treatment of glaucoma]. 203 14

We studied the effects of miosis on mean sensitivity in cases of glaucoma and normal subjects. The visual field in 30 degrees was measured by an automated perimeter Octopus. The subjects consisted of 13 cases (24 eyes) with open angle glaucoma and 10 normal subjects (10 eyes). Glaucomas had a 1.8dB reduction of mean sensitivity with a decrease in pupil size from greater than 3mm to less than 2mm with 3% or 4% pilocarpine, regardless of age and mean sensitivity. Normal subjects showed a depression of 1.6-1.8dB with a decrease in pupil size from more than 3mm to less than 2mm with 3% pilocarpine. There were no significant changes of mean sensitivity in pupil size over 3mm in normal. There was no difference in the reduction of mean sensitivity with miosis between cases of glaucoma and normal subjects. The mean sensitivity measured under conditions of pupil size over 3mm before glaucoma surgery could be quantitatively compared with that of the pupil after operation.
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PMID:[The influence of miosis on the central visual field]. 208 35

It has been found that D-timolol is equipotent or slightly less potent than L-timolol to lower the intraocular pressure (IOP) in normotensive rabbits, water loaded ocular hypertensive rabbits, alpha-chymotrypsin induced glaucoma rabbits, hypertonic saline infused IOP recovery model of rabbits, normotensive human volunteers, glaucoma patients and ocular hypertensive human individuals. Although L-timolol has been used widely for the treatment of glaucoma and ocular hypertension, it produces numerous side effects including cardiovascular disturbances, asthmatic attack, psychological depression, etc. Since D-timolol has much weaker affinity toward beta-adrenergic receptors, it was found to have 1/80-1/300 the beta-adrenergic blocking potency of L-timolol to block beta-adrenergic receptors in guinea pig tracheal preparations and 1/90 of L-timolol to block beta-adrenergic receptors in guinea pig atrial preparations. As a result, D-timolol showed no subjective nor objective side effects on pupil size, conjunctiva, cornea, blood pressure and pulse rate. Further, D-timolol was reported to increase retinal and choroid blood flow in rabbits without affecting overall ocular blood flow. On the contrary, L-timolol was found to significantly reduce the overall ocular blood flow and retinal and choroid blood flows in rabbits, although it might slightly increase the retinal blood flow in normotensive individuals. D-Timolol was well absorbed across the cornea as L-timolol and produced the duration of action as long as L-timolol. These results indicate that D-timolol could be a better agent than L-timolol for the treatment of glaucoma and ocular hypertension.
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PMID:Development of D-timolol for the treatment of glaucoma and ocular hypertension. 219 94

We studied the mode of progression of visual field defects in glaucoma the using static computerized perimetry (OCTOPUS 201). As a result of analysis using Delta Program, the modes of progression of the visual field defects were divided into two groups, general depression and local depression. The cases of general depression were younger than those of local depression. In cases of local depression, we examined the direction of progression in isolated scotomas. Isolated scotomas located at the nasal visual field tended to progress toward the nasal and peripheral side.
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PMID:[Progression of early glaucomatous visual field defects]. 239 78

Light scatter was induced in 15 glaucoma patients, exhibiting clear media and moderate field loss, using cells containing varying concentrations of 0.5 microns diameter latex beads in distilled water. The right eye was examined with program G1 on the Octopus 201, and with a 45 degrees threshold profile on the Dicon AP3000, with and without a given cell. Forward light scatter due to the cell was assessed by measuring the depression of contrast sensitivity, with the Nicolet CS2000, under glare conditions. Perimetric mean sensitivity decreased linearly and loss variance decreased curvilinearly with increase in forward scatter. Threshold values for 26 glaucoma patients, determined in the absence of induced scatter, were then corrected for the effects of naturally occurring intraocular light scatter. The recalculated mean defect decreased linearly while loss variance remained essentially unchanged. Forward light scatter therefore predominantly exaggerates diffuse loss; the apparent underestimation of focal defects caused by induced scatter is partly a computational artefact resulting from inapplicable age-matched normal reference data.
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PMID:The influence of forward light scatter on the visual field indices in glaucoma. 240 16

Eighty-eight glaucoma patients and 252 normal subjects underwent C-30-2 testing on the Humphrey Field Analyzer. The effect of fixation losses, high false-positive and false-negative response rates on visual field test results was assessed using the mirror image method of detecting asymmetry across the horizontal meridian, and the Humphrey STATPAC pattern standard deviation (PSD) and mean deviation (MD). Glaucoma patients with poor fixation (greater than or equal to 20%) had less depressed fields and fewer localized defects than those with good fixation. Fixation loss did not affect measures of localized defects or generalized depression among normal subjects. High false-positive rates (greater than or equal to 10%) were associated with less-depressed visual fields among glaucoma patients and normal subjects. Visual fields were depressed by an average of 9 dB for glaucoma patients and 7 dB for normal subjects with high false-negative rates (greater than or equal to 33%), when compared with those with low false-negative rates. Apparent localized defects were observed among normal subjects with high false-negative rates. Most of these defects were located in the superior nasal and adjacent arcuate area.
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PMID:Screening for glaucomatous visual field loss. The effect of patient reliability. 240 14

Primary care physicians have a vital role to play in identifying depression in their elderly patients. Diagnosis may be difficult, because symptoms are atypical and frequently include psychomotor agitation, somatic symptoms, and complaints of memory loss. Patients with medical illnesses, such as cancer, postmyocardial infarction, stroke, Parkinson's disease, and early Alzheimer's disease are particularly vulnerable to depression. Drugs that may cause depressive symptoms are digitalis at toxic levels, beta-blockers, centrally acting antihypertensives, immunosuppressants, and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory agents. Cyclic antidepressants are the drugs of first choice. Selection depends on the patient's physical health and current medications and the side effect profile of the drug. Side effects are more pronounced in old age because of drug accumulation owing to slowed clearance. Troublesome side effects are anticholinergic effects, orthostatic hypotension, sedation, cardiotoxicity, and weight gain. The most useful antidepressants for geriatric patients are the secondary amines, desipramine and nortriptyline. The second-generation drug trazodone has the advantage of causing the least anticholinergic effects, but it is very sedating. Before treatment, the patient should have an electrocardiogram, liver function tests, tonometry, sitting and standing blood pressures, evaluation of urinary symptoms for outflow obstruction, review of current medications, and estimation of suicide risk. Cyclic antidepressants are contraindicated during recovery from myocardial infarction, in heart disease when there is severe impairment of myocardial performance, in seizure disorders, and in the presence of glaucoma or a large prostate. Drug interactions that may cause trouble can occur with epinephrine, MAO inhibitors, thyroid hormone, cimetidine, and centrally acting antihypertensives. Dosage should start low, increasing usually by 25 mg every 4 to 5 days until a therapeutic level is reached. Failure of a noradrenergic antidepressant after 4 to 5 weeks can be followed by a trial of a serotonergic drug. Drug serum level monitoring is useful for imipramine, desipramine, and nortriptyline. Monoamine oxidase inhibitors are effective in many elderly patients who are resistant to TCAs. Sympathomimetic drugs must be avoided with MAOIs. Elderly patients are at high risk of toxicity and drug interactions with lithium. Electroconvulsive therapy is useful for patients who do not respond to drug treatment, but medical complications, particularly cardiovascular, often occur in patients 75 or older. Many patients relapse after ECT. Psychotherapy together with pharmacotherapy may be the optimal treatment for elderly depressives. Older patients are more likely to become chronically depressed than younger patients. The risk of suicide in depressed elderly males is high, particularly in those with psychosocial problems, and depression rises with age.
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PMID:Management of depression in the elderly. 266 41

Ten normal subjects underwent static threshold visual field testing of both eyes with the Humphrey perimeter, with one eye tested twice. The mean sensitivity of the field seemed virtually identical in the two eyes, with the average difference between the right and left eyes (0.65 decibels [dB]) being no greater than the testing error as reflected in the difference between the same eye tested twice (0.7 dB). The authors provide the mathematical basis for recognizing that a right eye-left eye difference in mean sensitivity might be abnormal. Additional information is needed about the variance of the right eye-left eye difference in the population at large, but present information suggests that a 2-dB difference may be meaningful on a single examination. A 1.5-dB difference is statistically significant if confirmed on a second test, and a difference as small as 1 dB may be meaningful if shown consistently in a series of four examinations. In all cases, nonglaucomatous causes of field abnormality needs to be ruled out, and the generalized asymmetry is most meaningful if it is consistent with asymmetry of cupping or intraocular pressure. Several cases are reported in which a mild (1 dB) generalized depression of the visual field is the only recognizable abnormality in the visual field in eyes with early glaucoma.
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PMID:Static threshold asymmetry in early glaucomatous visual field loss. 277 96

Human trabecular meshwork obtained from postmortem eyes was maintained in organ culture condition up to 12 weeks. The explants were dissected into specimens of three different sizes. Types 1 and 2 specimens were larger than 4 mm square and 1 mm thick, and type 3 specimens were about 1 mm3. Each specimen was placed in a depression made in the center of an agar block and the block was placed in a plastic culture dish. The space between the agar block and the culture dish was filled with liquid medium consisting of MEM Eagle supplemented with 10% fetal bovine serum, 10% chick embryo extract and 200 U/ml penicillin G. Afterwards, the explant was incubated in 5% CO2 with 100% humidity. Types 1 and 2 specimens maintained a normal appearance on electron microscopy during the entire 12 weeks of culture, while type 3 specimens showed marked cellular activation and cell loss soon after explantation. Morphometric studies regarding cell number in sections for light microscopy obtained from types 1 and 2 specimens revealed good preservation of trabecular cells during the 12 weeks of culture. Our culture system may be useful in investigating the direct effects produced on human trabecular meshwork by photocoagulation and various agents, for example anti-glaucoma drugs, steroids and viscoelastic materials.
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PMID:Human trabecular meshwork organ culture. 323 63

The Octopus global analysis Program G1 was developed as a glaucoma program. It is the combination in a single program of: examination procedures, visual field assessment methods. The whole examination is carried out in three phases: the first phase measures 59 test locations in the central 30 degrees field. All locations are measured with the normal strategy. The local threshold is precisely determined to +/- 1 dB by the proven bracketing method. At the end of the first phase, the system automatically calculates the key values (visual field indices) for mean defect and loss variance. the second phase, which retests the same central field, starts from the threshold values measured during phase one. The additional indices corrected loss variance and short term fluctuation, are calculated. in the last phase 14 selected peripheral points between 30 and 60 degrees excentricity with particular emphasis on the superior and inferior nasal step are determined in a qualitative test. Visual field changes can be detected and categorized in three major groups: (Flammer and coll., 1985). 1. local defects or scotomas in varying depths and sizes. 2. diffused depression of the whole field. 3. Increased short-term. The original index called Corrected Loss Variance could determine an early defect before the existence of a light scotoma. Particularly, an increased Corrected Loss Variance indicates that the deviations are due to real scotomas and not just to scattering effects. The therapeutic decision could be more rational.
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PMID:[The Octopus G1 program. Description and use]. 332 4


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