Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts:   Target Concepts:
Query: UMLS:C0011570 (depression)
 172,036 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

We have discovered a novel cyclopeptide substance P (SP) antagonist, FK 224 (N-[N2-[N-[N-[N-[2,3-didehydro-N-methyl-N-[N-[3-(2-pentylphenyl )- propionyl]-L-threonyl]tyrosyl-L-leucynyl]-D-phenylalanyl]-L-allo- threonyl]-L-asparaginyl]-L-serine-nu-lactone), which inhibited [3H]SP binding to guinea pig lung membranes in a dose-dependent manner. According to Rosenthal analysis, the inhibitory effect of FK 224 on [3H]SP binding appears to be competitive. In order to clarify the receptor subtype selectivity of FK 224, we have studied the interaction of FK 224 with three tachykinin receptors (NK1, NK2 and NK3) by using receptor binding techniques and in vitro bioassays, and have also compared FK 224 with the novel nonpeptide antagonist, (+/-)-CP-96,345. In binding experiments, FK 224 dose-dependently inhibited [3H]SP binding to rat cerebral cortical membranes (NK1) and [3H]neurokinin (NK) A (NKA) binding to rat duodenum smooth muscle membranes (NK2), but did not affect [3H]eledoisin binding to rat cerebral cortical membranes (NK3). In bioassay experiments, FK 224 inhibited SP-induced contraction of guinea pig ileum (NK1) and NKA-induced contraction of rat vas deferens (NK2) in a dose-dependent manner, but did not affect NKB-induced contraction of rat portal vein (NK3). In contrast, (+/-)-CP-96,345 inhibited SP-induced contraction of guinea pig ileum, but not NKA-induced contraction of rat vas deferens or NKB-induced contraction of rat portal vein. In the presence of FK 224, SP dose-response curves and NKA dose-response curves were shifted to the right in parallel with no depression of the maximal contraction.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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PMID:FK 224, a novel cyclopeptide substance P antagonist with NK1 and NK2 receptor selectivity. 137 96

Seasonal Affective Disorder (SAD) has received formal research attention only within the last eight years. Diagnostic criteria for SAD include many characteristics typical of depression: sadness, low self-esteem, lack of energy, social withdrawal, and suicide ideation, and features of atypical depression: carbohydrate craving, overeating, weight gain, and hypersomnia. Differential diagnosis of the disorder depends on an onset in fall/winter and remission in spring/summer. It was hypothesized that spinal cord injury (SCI) patients would have a higher incidence of the disorder in the northern latitudes because of decreased outdoor activities in winter and because of such light-depriving winter survival tactics as installing opaque plastic for storm windows. SCI patient responded to a postal survey which included Rosenthal's Seasonal Pattern Assessment Questionnaire (SPAQ) and the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI). Results showed a substantially higher rate of SAD among SCI patients than in the normative sample.
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PMID:Seasonal affective disorder in a spinal cord injury population. 158 5

Retrospective analysis of the stringency of diagnosis and therapeutic response was carried out in 80 patients with major recurrent winter depression (SAD) who had participated in controlled light therapy trials in Switzerland from 1984 to 1990. Two groups were formed with respect to anamnestic information: patients whose previous episodes of seasonal depression had been reconstructed graphically, and those who could only globally recollect prior depressive phases. These data were taken to test conformity to DSM-III-R criteria for seasonal pattern, as well as its prognostic usefulness for response to light therapy. The more liberal 'Rosenthal criteria' for SAD of at least two consecutive, seasonally recurring major depressive episodes were sufficient to predict improvement with light: none of the other DSM-III-R criteria differentiated further, and few patients could remember previous depressive episodes in precise detail. Our data support suggestions to revise the restrictive SAD diagnostic criteria for DSM-IV.
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PMID:Seasonal affective disorder: are the DSM-III-R criteria valid? 784 53

Numerous investigators have shown a strong association between the seasons and the incidence of depression, mania and suicides. However, little has been known about patients who reveal affective episodes in association with the changing seasons year after year. Lewy and Rosenthal established the concept of Seasonal Affective Disorder (SAD). SAD is characterized by recurring cycles of fall-winter depression and spring-summer hypomania (or euthymia). Depressive symptoms often include hypersomnia, anergia, fatigue, carbohydrate craving and weight gain. The syndrome occurs predominantly in women and begins in late twenties. Lewy, Rosenthal and other investigators found that exposure of the SAD patients to bright artificial light improved depressive symptoms. Some hypotheses of light therapy are proposed, however, each of them has not well explained the mechanisms.
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PMID:[Light therapy of patients with seasonal affective disorder]. 800 95

This is the first comprehensive description of winter depression (WD), as part of seasonal affective disorder (SAD), from Norway, and one of the very few from so far north. A total of 128 media-recruited people had first been screened with the Seasonal Pattern Assessment Questionnaire and were thereafter personally interviewed. The criteria for DSM-III-R mood disorder, seasonal pattern, were satisfied by 85%, whereas 73% satisfied the criteria of Rosenthal et al. for SAD. Seven percent were diagnosed as subsyndromal SAD. The main characteristics of our patient group were in reasonable accordance with other clinical SAD materials: there were 81% women; the mean age was 44 years (range: 20 to 76); the mean age for SAD debut was 24 years (range: 4 to 71); and the duration of WD was most often from October to March or April. Only 12% had ever been manic or hypomanic in summer. During their WD, most patients suffered at least one of the symptoms hypersomnia, hyperphagia or carbohydrate craving; 16% also had a craving for fatty food in winter, but this may be considered "normal" at this northerly latitude.
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PMID:Characteristics of winter depression in the Oslo area (60 degrees N). 821 3

Since 1984, there has been a great interest in the phenomenon of a particular seasonally recurrent mood disorder called seasonal affective disorder (SAD) or winter depression and its treatment: the phototherapy. Seasonal affective disorder is a syndrome described by Rosenthal in 1984. This mood disorder is characterized by depression with onset recurrent in autumn or winter and spontaneous spring or summer remission. It is associated with hypersomnia, anergia, increased appetite, weight gain and carbohydrate craving. The population prevalence in the north of the USA is estimated between 3 and 5%, but it changes with sex, age and also latitude. A long time ago, we know that animals are photoperiod sensitive and that the melatonin secretion in mammals is suppressed by the light. In 1980, Czeiler reported for the first time that human melatonin secretion can be suppressed by high light exposure (+/- 1500 lux). In 1982, Rosenthal, Lewy and al. reported an antidepressant effect of light exposure of a manic-depressive patient. The phototherapy was born. To treat the SAD, the most common procedure of phototherapy is to expose the subject during 2 hours early in the morning, between 06:00 and 09:00 AM. The subject is sitting before a light screen, he can work and has to fix the screen one time every minute. The most common side effects are headache, eyestrain, muscle pain. The ocular phototoxicity is controversed and it seems to be potentially dangerous if phototherapy is associated with tricyclic antidepressants, neuroleptics and other medication containing a tricyclic, heterocyclic or porphyrin ring system. Since this finding, many questions are asked about photoperiod and its effects in the human being. Lewy proposes for the winter depression the hypothesis of a phase delayed circadian rhythm, that can be treated by a morning light exposure. At the present time, many trials are going on to study the effects of phototherapy in other problems like insomnia, maladaptation to night work, jet lag and Alzheimer disease.
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PMID:[Seasonal affective syndrome and phototherapy: theoretical concepts and clinical applications]. 868 79

Phototherapy introduced in 1984 by Rosenthal as a treatment for SAD (Seasonal Affective Disorder) is the first therapeutic answer to season-related psychopathology. Findings in chronobiology have largely contributed to pathophysiological theories of disorders in the internal circadian system. Actual researches on the etiology of SAD covers fields as retinal deficiency (i.e. disorder of photoreceptors), phase disturbance of the internal circadian rhythms given by internal oscillators and neuroendocrinologically drived disorders, supposing that melatonin is the main mediator of human circadian systems in the CNS. Disorders of the neurotransmitters are an other explored cue. Recent longitudinal studies show a prevalence of seasonal depressive symptoms in general population up to 10%. In populations treated for depression the prevalence of SAD is up to 20%. The SAD sex-ratio (women/men) of 3/1 is found repeatedly. Above 55 years SAD get rare. Effectiveness of phototherapy is showed in nearly all controlled studies. Bright light for patients with mild SAD appears to be most effective as is also the authors clinical impression through the practice of phototherapy in Geneva since 1991. A true placebo for bright light is still to be found according to enable evaluation of potentially important impact that unspecific therapeutic factors may trigger in phototherapy. Actually possible new indications for phototherapy are being explored: bright light for non seasonal depression has been tested with features with SAD; effectiveness in bulimia has been suggested and recently sleep disorders in psychogeriatric patients have been improved. Non seasonal circadian disorders such as jet lag might be sensitive to light.
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PMID:[Phototherapy in psychiatry: clinical update and review of indications]. 870 24

From 1987 to 1994, seasonal affective disorder (SAD) has been diagnosed using the Rosenthal or DSM-III-R criteria. No major differences between them have been found, except that the DSM-III-R criteria were more stringent and difficult to implement. Little attention has been paid to differences in the criterion of the quality of improvement in summer. This study compared two groups of winter depressives characterized by complete or incomplete summer remission. Incomplete summer remission is associated with increased heterogeneity of the demographic and clinical profile of the disorder and a shift of this profile to that of classical depression. The data support clinical use of the DSM-IV criterion 'full remission' in the diagnosis of SAD.
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PMID:The importance of full summer remission as a criterion for the diagnosis of seasonal affective disorder. 886 54

Although clinicians have observed for centuries that som depressed patients become worse in the winter, it was first in 1984 that Norman Rosenthal and co-workers described a syndrome which they called seasonal affective disorder (SAD), characterised by winter depression, lethargy and a craving for carbohydrate. Phototherapy was proved to be an effective treatment right from the start. Recently it has been reported that not only depression, but also panic disorder and obsessive compulsive disorders may exhibit a seasonal pattern and thus benefit from phototherapy. Phototherapy may also benefit patients suffering from "sun-downing", a syndrome of confusion and agitation in the evening in persons with Alzheimer's disease. Based on the observation that bright light may both elevate brain serotonin and ameliorate sleep abnormalities, the authors report the results of phototherapy for treatment of non-seasonal depressions, either alone or in combination with antidepressants or sleep deprivation.
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PMID:[Phototherapy. An alternative for seasonal affective disorders or sleep disorders]. 926 11

Seasonal affective disorder (SAD) is a condition characterized by annually occurring major depressive episodes which was described by Rosenthal et al. in 1984. It occurs most commonly in women and the onset usually being in early adulthood. These episodes are regularly occurring in fall and winter with full remission during the following spring and summer. The patient's mood is a combination of depression and mild anxiety accompanied by fatigue, loss of libido, and a profound reduction of socialisation. During winter depression, most of these patients complain of atypical vegetative symptoms accompanied by hypersomnia, hyperphagia, carbohydrate craving, and weight gain. Hypotheses on the underlying mechanisms of these behavioral and neurovegetative disorders indicate that environmental variables, e.g., climate, latitude, light, and changes in neurotransmitter fraction that naturally occur with the seasons may be important. Phototherapy is being increasingly used for the treatment of seasonal affective disorder. The antidepressant effect of light therapy in the treatment of SAD has been widely shown. The response in patients with SAD is contingent on the exposure of the patients' eyes to light. Further important factors are the duration of daily treatment and light intensity. However, the role of timing of phototherapy remains controversial. The biological basis of the diverse psychological and biological changes in SAD and the underlying mechanisms of action of phototherapy are still unclear and require further study.
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PMID:[Seasonal depression]. 945 88


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