Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts:   Target Concepts:
Query: UMLS:C0011570 (depression)
 172,036 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

It has been suggested that the neuroleptic-induced acute dyskinetic syndrome in monkeys may be a useful model of extrapyramidal dysfunction. Various drugs that have well-characterized effects on clinical extrapyramidal syndromes and on catecholaminergic, cholinergic, or GABAergic neurotransmission were assessed in dyskinesia-susceptible squirrel monkeys. Catecholamine depletors (alpha-methyl-p-tyrosine, tetrabenazine) induced the syndrome, as do dopamine (DA) receptor antagonists, and d-amphetamine reversed the effects of tetrabenazine. The haloperidol-induced syndrome was reversed by the indirectly acting DA agonists amantadine and L-dopa. Neither of the DA autoreceptor agonist TL-99 or 3-PPP elicited this syndrome, suggesting that these agents lack extrapyramidal involvement. Anticholinergics reversed haloperidol-induced dyskinesias and the cholinomimetic arecoline was capable of inducing dyskinesias. When coadministered repeatedly with haloperidol, benztropine suppressed the emergence of susceptibility to neuroleptic-induced dyskinesias. These results confirm that the acute dyskinetic syndrome in the monkey is characterized by DA deficiency and acetylcholine excess. Diazepam and baclofen, which have been reported to have some clinical benefit in tardive dyskinesia, suppressed haloperidol-induced acute dyskinesias without causing gross motor depression. Pharmacological manipulation of GABAergic pathways from striatum may constitute a fruitful approach to the treatment of dyskinetic motor disorders.
 ...
PMID:Effects of dopamine agonists, catecholamine depletors, and cholinergic and GABAergic drugs on acute dyskinesias in squirrel monkeys. 632 Feb 48

Microtubules are important in the regulation of the motile functions of a variety of cells, including leukocytes, ciliated cells and spermatozoa. Polymorphonuclear leukocyte function was studied in ten patients with primary ciliary dyskinesia, an inherited disorder of microtubules in sperm tails and cilia. Neutrophil chemotaxis in Boyden chambers was slightly reduced, but only one patient showed a migration below normal values. In vivo mobilization of polymorphonuclear leukocytes into skin windows was also slightly decreased. In contrast, neutrophil polarization and orientation was normal. The bactericidal activity of neutrophils from patients with primary ciliary dyskinesia was normal, while the ingestion of bacteria was decreased. The abnormalities of neutrophil function in patients with primary ciliary dyskinesia are related to motility. It is suggested that the microtubule defect responsible for the abnormal pattern of ciliary beating is a general abnormality also responsible for the depression of polymorphonuclear leukocyte motility.
 ...
PMID:Defective neutrophil motility in patients with primary ciliary dyskinesia. 641 67

Long-term treatment of parkinsonian patients with levodopa (plus decarboxylase inhibitor) leads to decreasing levodopa efficacy and increasing side-effects. Then main therapeutic problems are on-off phenomena, end-of-dose akinesia and levodopa-induced dyskinesias. Deprenyl, a selective MAO-B inhibitor, has produced good therapeutic effects in combination either with levodopa alone or with levodopa plus decarboxylase inhibitor in the treatment of end-of-dose akinesia and on-off phenomena. In an open trial with 48 parkinsonian patients deprenyl was added to previous levodopa plus decarboxylase-inhibitor therapy. Good effects were achieved in respect of mild on-off phenomena and end-of-dose akinesia, minor success in the alleviation of dyskinesia and depression. In four further patients with a post-traumatic parkinsonian syndrome, no improvement of rigidospasticity and vigilance was demonstrable.
 ...
PMID:Deprenyl (selegiline) in combination treatment of Parkinson's disease. 642 44

An exercise test may be characterized as positive because of the production of either electrocardiographic ST-segment depression or elevation. The relationship of exercise-induced ST-segment deviation to the specific motion abnormalities of the individual segments of the left ventricular wall was investigated. The first 280 subjects to enter the Program of Surgical Control of Hyperlipidemia were studied by treadmill exercise testing and left ventriculography. The results showed that exercise-induced ST-segment elevation could occur without evidence in the resting subject of either dyskinesia or aneurysm of the left ventricle, that the area of left ventricular damage was much greater in subjects with exercise-induced ST-segment elevation than in those with ST-segment depression, and that wall motion abnormalities were concentrated in the inferoposterior area in the group with ST-segment elevation, but were generally scattered throughout the left ventricular wall in the group with ST-segment depression.
 ...
PMID:Directional ST-segment deviation in graded exercise tests correlated with motion of the individual segments of the left ventricular wall. 661 66

This report concerns possible adverse health effects and benefits that might result from consumption of large amounts of choline, lecithin, or phosphatidylcholine. Indications from preliminary investigations that administration of choline or lecithin might alleviate some neurological disturbances, prevent hypercholesteremia and atherosclerosis, and restore memory and cognition have resulted in much research and public interest. Symptoms of tardive dyskinesia and Alzheimer's disease have been ameliorated in some patients and varied responses have been observed in the treatment of Gilles de la Tourette's disease, Friedreich's ataxia, levodopa-induced dyskinesia, mania, Huntington's disease, and myasthenic syndrome. Further clinical trials, especially in conjunction with cholinergic drugs, are considered worthwhile but will require sufficient amounts of pure phosphatidylcholine. The public has access to large amounts of commercial lecithin. Because high intakes of lecithin or choline produce acute gastrointestinal distress, sweating, salivation, and anorexia, it is improbable that individuals will incur lasting health hazards from self-administration of either compound. Development of depression or supersensitivity of dopamine receptors and disturbance of the cholinergic-dopaminergic-serotinergic balance is a concern with prolonged, repeated intakes of large amounts of lecithin.
 ...
PMID:Effects of consumption of choline and lecithin on neurological and cardiovascular systems. 675 53

We have examined the relation between electrocardiographic ST elevation during treadmill exercise (greater than or equal to 1 mm, using the conventional 12 leads), the severity of coronary artery disease, and left ventricular wall motion abnormalities in 680 patients. They were divided into three groups: (1) 218 patients with clinically significant coronary artery disease, (2) 178 patients with clinically significant coronary artery disease, and (3) 284 patients with clinically significant coronary artery disease and previous myocardial infarction. ST elevation during exercise (predominantly in lead V2) was seen in two patients (1%) in group 1, three patients (2%) in group 2, and 147 patients (52%) in group 3. Coronary artery disease (number of vessels involved and severity of stenoses) was comparable in groups 2 and 3. All the patients in group 1 showed a normal left ventricular contraction pattern; 64% of the patients in group 2 showed wall motion abnormalities (predominantly hypokinesia) and 95% of group 3 (mainly akinesia, dyskinesia, or aneurysm). A strongly positive correlation was seen between the ST elevation and left ventricular dysfunction in patients belonging to group 3. The overall sensitivity and the specificity of the stress test in detecting wall motion abnormalities was 55% and 100% respectively. The sensitivity increased with deterioration in left ventricular function, reaching 81% and 90% in patients with dyskinesia and aneurysm, respectively. Maximal ST elevation (greater than or equal to 3 mm) was confined to the patients with dyskinesia or aneurysm. The incidence of ST elevation during exercise was also related to the location of previous infarction, showing a positive response in 85% of patients with anterior myocardial infarction and in only 33% with inferior myocardial infarction. We conclude that ST segment elevation during exercise in patients with previous myocardial infarction is a sensitive and a specific indicator of advanced left ventricular asynergy. The ST segment response during exercise in patients with previous infarction and with angiographically demonstrated myocardial asynergy appears to be a continuous spectrum. A normal ST segment response or elevation alone usually signifies involvement of only one vessel supplying the infarcted myocardium, ST elevation with concomitant ST depression indicates additional coronary artery disease, and ST depression alone indicates overwhelming myocardial ischaemia resulting from multiple vessel disease. The employment of multiple leads is essential to obtain this information.
 ...
PMID:Clinical significance of exercise-induced ST segment elevation. Correlative angiographic study in patients with ischaemic heart disease. 727 18

The clinical symptom, perceived at body level, such as pain, dyskinesia, circulatory changes (tachycardia, blushing, pallor) is intrinsic and simultaneous with parallel changes at the mind level, such as anxiety, sorrow, instability, joy, depression and shame. Therefore, it has to be distinguished within the symptom, the overt component - somatic alterations - and the latent component - changes in mental processes. Hence, the global psychosomatic nature is intrinsic to the clinical symptoms.
 ...
PMID:[Psychosomatic medicine and psychoanalytic observation: considerations on the mechanism of symptom formation]. 734 Jul 50

The progress of 178 patients with Parkinson's disease who began treatment with levodopa between November 1969 and December 1972 is reviewed after six years. One hundred and twenty-five patients showed an initial improvement of their individual total disability scores exceeding 25 per cent, but after six years of sustained treatment only 37 patients still obtained similar benefit. By 1978 only five patients had maintained their initial improvement compared to 69 patients after two years therapy; however, 47 patients were still better than before treatment. The overall mortality ratio--the ratio of observed to expected death rate--for all the patients was 1.45:1. In those patients who unable to tolerate levodopa for longer than two years the ratio was 2.38:1; in those who were able to tolerate sustained medication, life expectancy was normal (ratio of 0.91:1 for males and 1.14:1 for females). Involuntary movements were the commonest complication of treatment. Three main types were distinguished. Peak dose dyskinesias, beginning 20 to 90 minutes after an oral dose and most severe midway through the inter-dose period, affected 80 per cent of patients. Early morning and end-of-dose dystonia occurred in 20 per cent of patients and biphasic dyskinesia--two distinct episodes of involuntary movements within each inter-dose period--was the least common pattern affecting 3 per cent of patients. Involuntary movements increased in frequency and severity as treatment continued. End-of-dose deterioration ('wearing-off' effect of individual doses) occurred in 65 per cent of patients: unpredictable oscillations in motor performance (the 'on-off' phenomenon) unrelated to the time and dosage of levodopa, occurred in 10 per cent. Psychiatric side effects included toxic confusional states, visual pseudohallucinations and paranoid psychoses and constituted the most frequent reason for stopping medication. Forty (22 per cent) of the patients had suffered severe depression before the onset of disease and levodopa had no sustained antidepressant effect in this group. After six years of treatment with levodopa, 32 per cent of the patients had unequivocal dementia.
 ...
PMID:The impact of treatment with levodopa on Parkinson's disease. 746 63

To avoid intraoperative awareness and postoperative respiratory depression from high-dose opioid anesthesia, propofol (P), or isoflurane (I) has been combined with moderate-dose opioid with varying results. However, the effects of both P and I on myocardial contractility and left ventricular afterload have not been completely quantified. The end-systolic pressure-diameter relationship (ESPDR) of the left ventricle (LV) is a reliable method to quantitatively assess LV contractility because it is relatively independent of changes in preload and incorporates afterload changes. The purpose of this study was to quantify the cardiodynamic effects of propofol-fentanyl (PF) anesthesia in comparison with isoflurane-fentanyl (IF) anesthesia in patients undergoing coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG). Thirty patients with normal or moderately impaired LV function (ejection fraction > or = 40% with LV end-diastolic pressure < or = 18 mmHg, no preoperative akinesia or dyskinesia) undergoing elective CABG were studied. After premedication with flunitrazepam, 2 mg orally, all patients were induced with thiopental, 1 mg/kg, fentanyl, 20 micrograms/kg, and vecuronium, 0.1 mg/kg, and were ventilated with oxygen/air (F(1)O2 0.6). Anesthesia was maintained throughout the procedure with a zero-order intravenous (IV) continuous infusion of P, 3 mg/kg/h (PF group), or with isoflurane inhalation of 0.6% (IF group), supplemented by intermittent boluses (5 micrograms/kg) of fentanyl (up to a total maintenance dose of 30 micrograms/kg). After intubation, a cross-section of the LV was visualized by two-dimensional transesophageal echocardiography and an m-mode echocardiogram was obtained at the maximum anterior-posterior diameter. The radial artery pressure tracing and the ECG were simultaneously recorded with the M mode.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
 ...
PMID:Propofol-fentanyl versus isoflurane-fentanyl anesthesia for coronary artery bypass grafting: effect on myocardial contractility and peripheral hemodynamics. 932 32

In the first section of this paper several aspects of tardive dyskinesia (TD) (clinical, epidemiological, pharmacological) are reviewed. We propose that this syndrome is not the consequence of dopamine receptor proliferation, but results from damage or degeneration of striatal cholinergic interneurons. We suggest that this cellular damage is caused by prolonged overactivation of these neurons, which occurs when they are released from dopaminergic inhibition following neuroleptic administration. Overactivity of central cholinergic systems during akinetic and motor retarded depression could be a contributory cause. The predisposition to L-DOPA-induced peak-dose dyskinesia in Parkinson's disease may depend on the same type of striatal neuronal loss. In the second part of the paper, the subject of supersensitivity psychosis and drug-resistant schizophrenia is reviewed. These two syndromes, are commonly associated with TD, have similar predisposing factors and pharmacology to TD, and are potentially persistent. We suggest that these conditions also result from degeneration of cholinergic striatal interneurons following chronic neuroleptic administration. The efficacy of clozapine for such treatment-refractory psychoses is explained in terms of its blockade of D-1 dopamine receptors. Other drugs effective against refractory psychoses (e.g. risperidone) are predicted to reduce activation at D-1 receptors.
 ...
PMID:Loss of striatal cholinergic neurons as a basis for tardive and L-dopa-induced dyskinesias, neuroleptic-induced supersensitivity psychosis and refractory schizophrenia. 790 33


<< Previous 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Next >>