Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0011570 (depression)
 172,036 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

It has been known for more than 20 years that vitamin D exerts marked effects on immune and neural cells. These non-classical actions of vitamin D have recently gained a renewed attention since it has been shown that diminished levels of vitamin D induce immune-mediated symptoms in animal models of autoimmune diseases and is a risk factor for various brain diseases. For example, it has been demonstrated that vitamin D (i) modulates the production of several neurotrophins, (ii) up-regulates Interleukin-4 and (iii) inhibits the differentiation and survival of dendritic cells, resulting in impaired allo-reactive T cell activation. Not surprisingly, vitamin D has been found to be a strong candidate risk-modifying factor for Multiple Sclerosis (MS), the most prevalent neurological and inflammatory disease in the young adult population. Vitamin D is a seco-steroid hormone, produced photochemically in the animal epidermis. The action of ultraviolet light (UVB) on 7-dehydrocholesterol results in the production of pre-vitamin D which, after thermo-conversion and two separate hydroxylations, gives rise to the active 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D. Vitamin D acts through two types of receptors: (i) the vitamin D receptor (VDR), a member of the steroid/thyroid hormone superfamily of transcription factors, and (ii) the MARRS (membrane associated, rapid response steroid binding) receptor, also known as Erp57/Grp58. In this article, we review some of the mechanisms that may underlie the role of vitamin D in various brain diseases. We then assess how vitamin D imbalance may lay the foundation for a range of adult disorders, including brain pathologies (Parkinson's disease, epilepsy, depression) and immune-mediated disorders (rheumatoid arthritis, type I diabetes mellitus, systemic lupus erythematosus or inflammatory bowel diseases). Multidisciplinary scientific collaborations are now required to fully appreciate the complex role of vitamin D in mammal metabolism.
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PMID:Vitamin D, a neuro-immunomodulator: implications for neurodegenerative and autoimmune diseases. 1954 51

We evaluated the effect of a telemedicine system on maternal and fetal outcome in women with diabetes. A total of 276 pregnant women were enrolled in the study. Women were sequentially assigned to a telemedicine or a control group. There were 88 women with gestational diabetes in the telemedicine group and 115 in the control group; there were 17 women with type 1 diabetes in the telemedicine group and 15 in the control group. Women in telemedicine groups were asked to submit their blood glucose data every week, and had a medical examination at the diabetes clinic once a month. Women in the control groups had a medical examination every two weeks. Subjective outcomes were investigated using the following questionnaires: CES-D for depression, SF-36 for health-related quality of life (QoL), Stress and Distress for the impact of diabetes. Clinical variables and pregnancy outcomes were no different between the two telemedicine groups, whereas women with gestational diabetes in the telemedicine group had a better metabolic control in the 3rd trimester and a lower rate of caesarean sections and macrosomia. As for QoL, women in the telemedicine groups showed lower levels of frustration and concerns about their diabetes, and a better acceptance of their diabetic condition. A questionnaire on the use of the telemedicine system showed a high degree of acceptance (85%). Both telemedicine groups had fewer check-ups at the diabetes clinics. The use of a telemedicine system for glucose monitoring improved pregnancy outcome in women with gestational diabetes and improved QoL in all diabetic pregnancies.
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PMID:The effect of telemedicine on outcome and quality of life in pregnant women with diabetes. 1959 29

The mechanism of dead-in-bed syndrome (DBS), a rare but devastating condition that mainly affects young type 1 diabetes patients, remains mysterious. A new theory is proposed to explain this syndrome. This theory suggests that repeated episodes of hypoglycaemia-induced adaptation in orexin-A neurons cause (i) defective awakening and (ii) hypotonia of upper airway muscles during sleep. Consequently, due to the combined effect of these factors, long-term exposure of intermittent hypoxia occurs, leading to a combination of factors - such as depression of ventilation, increase in sympathetic tone, fluctuations in intrathoracic pressure and cardiac arrhythmias - these in conjunction with an underlying cardiovascular pathology (genetically inherited or acquired) cause cardio-respiratory failure and thus sudden death during sleep. This mechanism can be generalized to explain other cases of sudden unexplained nocturnal deaths including sudden infant deaths (SIDs).
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PMID:The mechanism of dead-in-bed syndrome and other sudden unexplained nocturnal deaths. 1960 34

Emotional problems such as depression, anxiety and diabetes-specific distress are common in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) but often remain unrecognized and thus untreated. The present Review focuses on the extent of this problem and discusses whether we should screen for depression, anxiety and diabetes-specific distress in patients with this condition. Depression has received by far the greatest attention from researchers. Strong evidence exists that depression affects 10-20% of patients with T2DM, but it is often unrecognized. Several guidelines have therefore recommended periodic assessments of emotional well-being in patients with T2DM. However, this recommendation is not based on strong evidence, as the effects of screening (case-finding) on psychological outcomes and diabetes outcomes have not been tested in a randomized controlled study. Results from studies in patients without T2DM have shown that screening for depression does not improve outcomes. On the other hand, collaborative care approaches for depression in patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) or T2DM seem to be effective. Intervention studies for anxiety or diabetes-specific emotional distress are currently lacking, and further research that can help to optimize antidepressant treatment is also urgently needed.
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PMID:Should we screen for emotional distress in type 2 diabetes mellitus? 1988

Although it is known that depressive symptoms have significant impact on quality of life (QOL) in epilepsy and that atypical symptoms are common in interictal depression, less is known about the clinical significance of the atypical form of interictal depression as opposed to major depressive disorder (MDD). We compared quality of life among 30 patients with epilepsy (1) with major depressive disorder (group D), (2) with interictal dysphoric disorder (group ID), and (3) without MDD or IDD (group ND). The mean t scores on the 31-item Quality of Life in Epilepsy questionnaire were lower in groups D (20.3, 95% CI 9.02-31.7, n=3) and ID (38.7, 95% CI 34.2-43.2, n=19) compared with group ND (59.1, 95% CI 52.2-66.1, n=8). These results underscore the clinical significance of IDD that not only accounts for a large portion of mood symptoms in the population with epilepsy, but also is not adequately captured by the DSM-IV criteria for MDD.
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PMID:Interictal mood disorder and quality of life in active epilepsy. 2005 96

Type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) is a prototypic organ-specific autoimmune disease that results from selective destruction of insulin-secreting beta-cells by immune-mediated inflammation (insulitis), that is, the infiltration of pancreatic islets by autoreactive CD4(+) and CD8(+) T lymphocytes. Current treatment is substitutive-chronic use of exogenous insulin-which, in spite of considerable advances, is still associated with constraints and lack of effectiveness over the long-term in relation to the prevention of vascular and neurological complications. Finding a cure for T1DM is an important medical health challenge, as the disease's incidence is steadily increasing in industrialized countries and projections of future prevalence are alarming. Crucially, as T1DM mainly affects children and young adults, any candidate immune therapy must be safe and avoid chronic use of immunosuppressants that promote sustained depression of immune responses. The ideal approach would, therefore, involve induction or, in the case of established T1DM, restoration of immune tolerance to target autoantigens. This Review presents, in particular, two strategies that are still in clinical development but hold great promise. These strategies are focused on the use of candidate autoantigens and anti-CD3 monoclonal antibodies.
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PMID:Immune therapy for type 1 diabetes mellitus-what is unique about anti-CD3 antibodies? 2017 76

In the hippocampus, glucocorticoids bind to two types of receptors: the mineralocorticoid receptor, which binds corticosterone with high affinity and is tonically occupied; and the glucocorticoid receptor, which is occupied during stress and at certain phases in the circadian cycle. Diabetes mellitus increases levels of glucocorticoids in both humans and animal models. To explore the contributions of hippocampal corticosteroid receptors to the diabetes-induced suppression of neuroplasticity, we manipulated these receptors in hippocampal slices from streptozocin-diabetic rats, a model of Type 1 diabetes mellitus. STZ-diabetes reduced long-term potentiation (LTP) at medial perforant path synapses in the dentate gyrus, and induced a bias in favor of long-term depression following intermediate stimulation frequencies. Bath application of the mineralocorticoid receptor agonist aldosterone restored LTP in slices from diabetic animals. These results suggest additional mechanisms for diabetes-induced functional alterations and support a restorative role for dentate gyrus mineralocorticoid receptors.
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PMID:Mineralocorticoid receptor activation restores medial perforant path LTP in diabetic rats. 2019 38

For youth with type 1 diabetes (T1DM), the transition into adolescence is often associated with poorer adherence to treatment, deteriorating metabolic control, and increased risk for psychological disorders. The current article summarizes recent findings on psychological problems for adolescents with diabetes, including depression, eating disorders, fear of hypoglycemia, and problems specific to adolescents with T2DM. The impact of family functioning on adolescent adjustment and the importance of parent-child collaboration on treatment management is emphasized. By using the strategies described in this article, primary care providers have the potential to support adolescents with diabetes, while screening for problems that may be better treated by other professionals.
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PMID:Psychological problems in adolescents with diabetes. 2056 61

Combined pegylated interferon and ribavirin therapy for chronic hepatitis C infection cause a wide range of side effects, including flu-like syndrome, hematological abnormalities, cardiovascular symptoms, gastrointestinal symptoms, pulmonary dysfunction, depression, and retinopathy. Interferon-alpha has been shown to be related to the development of various autoimmune diseases, including systemic lupus erythematosus, rheumatoid arthritis, autoimmune thyroid disease, and type 1 diabetes mellitus (DM). Type 1 DM and thyroid disease respectively develop in 0.08-2.61% and 10-15% of patients treated with combined interferon-alpha and ribavirin for chronic hepatitis C. The coexistence of type 1 DM and autoimmune thyroiditis was rarely reported. We report a case of a 33-year-old female patient with chronic hepatitis C who simultaneously developed diabetic ketoacidosis and autoimmune thyroiditis after treatment with pegylated interferon-alpha 2b and ribavirin.
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PMID:[Occurrence of diabetic ketoacidosis and autoimmune thyroiditis in a patient treated with pegylated interferon-alpha 2b and ribavirin for chronic hepatitis C]. 2060 4

In order to examine suicidality and its correlates in type 1 diabetics 412 African-American type 1 diabetics and 404 African-American controls underwent a semi-structured interview that asked if they had ever attempted suicide. Patients completed the Childhood Trauma Questionnaire (CTQ), Hostility and Direction of Hostility Questionnaire (HDHQ), and Beck Depression Inventory (BDI). Diabetics and controls were compared for their rate of suicide attempt. Diabetic patients who had or had never attempted suicide were compared on socio-demographic and clinical data. It was found that diabetics were 3 to 4 times more likely to attempt suicide than controls (13.3% vs 3.5%, respectively, P<0.001). Diabetic attempters were significantly more likely to be female, depressed and hostile, and to report a history of childhood trauma, smoking, alcohol abuse, and drug abuse than diabetic non-attempters. Multivariate analyses showed that female sex, severity of childhood abuse, history of alcohol abuse, and depression were significantly and independently associated with having attempted suicide. These results suggest that African-Americans with type 1 diabetes have a raised risk of attempting suicide. Suicide risk in diabetics appears to be multifactorial and includes gender, developmental, personality, psychiatric, and substance abuse determinants.
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PMID:Suicide attempts and ideation in African-American type 1 diabetic patients. 2063 Jun 2


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