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Query: UMLS:C0011570 (depression)
 172,036 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Effects of clinical and personality traits on the course of depression were investigated after a mean period of 30 months. 66 out of 119 depressive patients (according to DSM-III-R and ICD-10 diagnostic criteria) were re-assessed by the same clinicians of the index episode. Schedule for Standardized Assessment of Depressive Disorders (SADD) was the main instrument for the initial phase; the follow-up schedule of SADD was used for the second phase. In both phases personality was evaluated by Eysenck Personality Questionnaire (EPQ). Severity of the disorder was assessed by Beck Depression Inventory. We found a chronicity rate of 9.1%, recurrence rate of 31.8%. Common features of chronic depressives were female sex, being over 30 years of age, gradual and late onset, presence of anxiety and multiple life events. EPQ results of the subjects who were free of depression were compared at the follow-up assessment. The remitted recurrent depression group showed significantly lower neuroticism scores than remitted single depression group. Neurotic depression subgroup was significantly associated with higher neuroticism scores.
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PMID:Clinical and personality correlates of outcome in depressive disorders in a Turkish sample. 908 53

Depressive disorders and psychosocial related factors were investigated in 113 patients one year after the diagnosis of cancer. Patients with an ICD-10 diagnosis of depression (31% of the sample) showed higher external locus of control, poorer social support, higher incidence of undesirable and/or uncontrollable events than non-depressed patients. They also differed in reporting more frequently a life-time history of emotional disorders, inability to adjust to the diagnosis of cancer and in having a lower score on the performance status. Of these factors, past psychiatric history, early maladjustment to cancer, poor social support and low performance status were predictors of depressive symptoms. However, because of the cross-sectional nature of the study, no conclusion regarding a causal relationship between depression and psychosocial variables is possible.
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PMID:Depression, psychosocial variables and occurrence of life events among patients with cancer. 918 99

The rates of major depression (5-12%) are considerably higher than for bipolar disorder (ca. 1%). Depressive disorder is most frequent in general practice. Although general practitioners recognise and manage efficiently a large number of depressed patients, at any consultation about half the patients are not diagnosed. Recognising depression is made difficult by the frequency in general practice of presentations with somatic symptoms (masked depression) and of depression related to physical disorder. The best method for the general practitioner to overcome these problems is by using a relatively direct interview for the main specific symptoms of depression. The general practitioner has a key role in the management of depression and as a gatekeeper with a prime responsibility to make appropriate referrals to specialists. Counselling members of the family or friends and recommending self-help groups are important to improve the therapeutic compliance of the patients.
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PMID:[Diagnosis and treatment of affective disorders]. 933 87

A sample of 855 rural adult inhabitants of Udmurtia was interviewed by means of the Composite International Diagnostic Interview (CIDI) in order to investigate the incidence and prevalence of mood disorders. Depression affected 30.5% of the population according to ICD-10, and 22% according to DSM-III-R over a 12-month period. Depressive disorders were more common in women (40.5%) than in men (17.4%), and in subjects who were widowed (68.8%), divorced (55.6%) or had poor family relationships. Depression was not related to ethnicity, educational level, income or living conditions. Depression showed a high level of comorbidity with social phobia in Udmurts and with persistent somatoform pain disorder in Russian women. The annual incidence of depressive episode was 7.5%, and the highest risk of depression was among younger women and older men.
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PMID:Prevalence of mood disorders in the rural population of Udmurtia. 954 3

This paper reviews research methods for detecting and assessing depressive symptoms in peri-menopausal women. The paper is written from the standpoint of clinical psychiatrists and clinical psychologists. Problems of method arise in two main areas: (i) the selection of population samples; (ii) the choice of methods for defining, detecting and measuring depression. An important distinction should be made between depressed mood and depressive disorder. Depressed mood is familiar sadness, low spirits, or despondency. Depressive disorder is a syndrome which is much more serious. The failure to make this distinction can detract from research findings. Standardised measures should always be used. These measures may be either self-rated or interviewer-rated. It is emphasised that the choice of these measures should be based on four characteristics: criterion overlap, sensitivity, test-retest reliability, and utility. The scales already available can be valuable provided that they are chosen carefully and with particular regard to these four qualities.
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PMID:The assessment of depression in peri-menopausal women. 964 15

The co-occurrence of insomnia and mental disorders constitutes the most prevalent diagnosis pattern found in sleep disorder clinics. Yet, there remains a paucity of epidemiological information regarding comorbidity of mental disorders and sleep disorder symptomatology in the general population. The present study showed results based on a large representative French cohort (n = 5,622; 80.7% of the contacted stratified sample). A total of 997 (17.7%) individuals with insomnia complaints were identified and divided into six diagnostic categories: (1) Insomnia related to a Depressive Disorder; (2) Insomnia related to an Anxiety Disorder; (3) Depressive Disorder accompanied by insomnia symptomatology; (4) Anxiety Disorder accompanied by insomnia symptomatology; (5) Primary Insomnia; and (6) isolated insomnia symptomatology. Telephone interviews were conducted using the Sleep-Eval System. Subjects with insomnia related to a Mental Disorder have a longer history of insomnia complaints and are usually younger than those with Depressive or Anxiety Disorders accompanied by insomnia symptoms. Subjects with Insomnia related to a Depressive Disorder experienced more repercussions than any other group. A surprisingly high percentage of individuals with depressive symptomatology had sought independent medical treatment specifically for their sleep problems, which raises the unsettling possibility that many cases of depression go undetected by the general medical community. The distinct predictability of commonly undiagnosed depression leading to chronic depression speaks directly to the imperative that physicians receive additional training in this area of community mental health.
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PMID:Comorbidity of mental and insomnia disorders in the general population. 967 2

Depression is a very frequent illness with a lifetime prevalence of 33.6% in the population of the Province of Liege. In addition to the marked personal and family suffering which is associated, depression is responsible for important socio-economic costs evaluated to more than 40 billions Belgian francs per year in Belgium, what makes it the most expensive illness after cardio-vascular disorders. Depressive illness is associated to particularly high indirect costs, depending on sick leaves, loss of productivity and suicide. These indirect costs are about 6 times more important than direct costs resulting from the treatment of the illness. Depressive illness remains unsatisfactorily treated and the use of available therapeutical methods should be optimized.
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PMID:[The socio-economics of depression]. 968 89

Depressive disorders--both major depression and other less severe but nonetheless clinically significant depressions--are common comorbidities, components, or complications of dementia. Depression with reversible cognitive impairment may be a prodrome for dementia rather than a separate and distinct disorder. Recent research has demonstrated that both the diagnosis of major depression and the assessment of typical depressive symptoms can be conducted reliably, even in patients with mild-to-moderate levels of cognitive impairment. Self-ratings of depressive symptoms with the Geriatric Depression Scale remain valid in patients with Mini-Mental State Examination scores of at least 15. Among interviewer-administered instruments, the Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression and the Cornell Scale are the best established. Potential difficulties with assessment include problems with ascertainment (because families, in general, report greater depression in patients than do clinicians) and the ambiguity of symptoms (because apathy and related symptoms can result from both depression and Alzheimer's disease). Brain changes due to Alzheimer's disease may lead to fundamental differences in drug responses. Nevertheless, randomized clinical trials have demonstrated that depression in dementia responds to specific psychopharmacologic or psychosocial treatments.
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PMID:Diagnosis and treatment of depression in patients with Alzheimer's disease and other dementias. 972 Apr 86

Data about psychiatric disorders associated with epilepsy as well as their risk factors are heterogeneous. The overall prevalence of psychiatric disturbances in epileptic patients can be estimated between 20 and 30 per cent. It is the highest in pharmocoresistant cases seen in specialized centers. Psychotic disorders, depression, and suicide are the three most common among interictal disturbances. Psychoses affect 2 to 9 per cent of patients and are more frequent in cases with aura or altered consciousness, such as in complex partial seizures and absences. They correlate positively with the multiplicity of seizures but often inversely with their frequency. Temporal lobe epilepsy is associated with schizo phrenic-like and paranoid types of psychosis, but frontal lobe epilepsy is also common. A putative association with predominant left or bilateral EEG abnormalities in cases with partial epilepsy remains to be confirmed, as well as the frequency of underlying structural lesions. Depressive disorders affect 20 to 60 per cent of patients. While their occurrence with partial complex seizures and left hemisphere foci is common, the role of temporal lobe involvement still appears controversial. Depression prevails in cases with seizures that occasionally, albeit rarely, secondarily generalize and correlates with the duration of the disease, intractable seizures, and polypharmacy. A genetic factor is likely to play a role. Suicides rates are increased, encountered in 0.2-0.5 per cent of patients and causing deaths in 3-7 per cent of them. The overall risk might be the highest during the first years after diagnosis of epilepsy, as well as in patients with temporal lobe foci, depression, or psychosis. Great variability and discordance in results show the major difficulties encountered in epidemiologic studies. Most of these problems relate to the classification of epileptic disorders as well as that of psychiatric disorders, the variability in the methods and measures which are used, and frequent bias in the selection of patients. We review here data about the frequency of major psychiatric disorders in epileptic patients or the frequency of epileptic disorders in psychiatric patients, and also possible risk factors related to the epileptic disease and its evolution.
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PMID:[Epilepsy and psychiatric disorders: epidemiological data]. 977 58

Depressive disorder rates in stimulant-dependent individuals are substantially higher than community rates. Further, depressive symptoms are considered a major component of stimulant withdrawal. The comorbidity of these disorders may reflect shared neurochemical alterations in the function of serotonin, dopamine, and peptide systems, such as corticotropin releasing factor (CRF) and neuropeptide Y (NPY). These alterations are observed in patients, and in animal models of depression and stimulant dependence, particularly in limbic brain structures. This shared neurobiology does not seem to result from significant shared heritability or genetic linkage; stimulants may induce changes in neurobiology that are similar to those found in depression, and these changes might provide a therapeutic target. Stimulant-dependent patients with a depressive disorder may be a specific subpopulation for antidepressant trials, and they might reduce their stimulant abuse when treated with antidepressants. Nevertheless, concomitant dependence on alcohol or opioids may influence this response, and antidepressants appear to be more effective for depression in combined stimulant and opioid dependence than in combined stimulant and alcohol dependence.
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PMID:Depression and stimulant dependence: neurobiology and pharmacotherapy. 986 11


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