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Query: UMLS:C0011570 (depression)
 172,036 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Seventy-nine cases of one specific type of depressive reaction in children who had mild fever during or just prior to the episode of depression were studied during a period of 16 years between 1968 and 1984. Comparison of the observed group with the control groups established the specificity of the episode depression with only one type of fever which was most probably of viral origin.
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PMID:Postfebrile depressive reaction in children. 813 52

Clinical lore has long supported the subtype of situational or reactive depression. To date, however, there has been limited empirical research support for this subtype of major depression. We examined demographic, clinical and personality features of situational and nonsituational depression in 89 outpatients with unipolar nonpsychotic major depressive disorder. Situational depressives had a less recurrent course of illness and appeared to respond more completely to the antidepressant used for their current episode. Demographic and personality measures did not distinguish situational and nonsituational depression.
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PMID:Clinical features of situational and nonsituational major depression. 823 26

This multi-centre, double-blind study, carried out in France, was designed to compare the efficacy and tolerability of paroxetine and clomipramine in elderly patients, aged 60 or above, with reactive depression according to Feighner's criteria. Patients were randomly allocated to treatment with either paroxetine (20 mg o.d.), 41 patients, or clomipramine (increasing from 20 mg o.d. to 20 mg tds), 42 patients, for 5 weeks. Placebo tablets were used to maintain blinding. The degree of depression was determined using the Montgomery-Asberg and the Zung self-rating scales, and also assessed on a visual analogue scale. After 5 weeks of treatment both treatment groups showed a similar degree of improvement on all rating scales. There were no significant differences between the groups. Adverse events occurred in 26 and 28 patients in the paroxetine and clomipramine groups, respectively. In the paroxetine group, many of the events were typical of the gastrointestinal side-effects associated with 5-HT uptake inhibitor therapy. Patients receiving clomipramine experienced events of the type commonly reported with tricyclic antidepressants. There were no significant differences between the groups for either total number of events or for number of patients with specific events. Clinical and laboratory monitoring showed that both drugs were well tolerated.
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PMID:[Multicenter double-blind study comparing the efficacy and tolerance of paroxetine and clomipramine in reactive depression in the elderly patient]. 827 12

Analyzes the problems of diagnosis, classification, and assessment of psychogenic depression in forensic psychiatric practice. Clinical manifestations of such depressions are variable and numerous; the range of psychogenic depressions includes the borderline and psychotic forms each of which may be a separate entity or represent a stage in the development of a reactive depression. Distinguishing of these variants may be reasonable to assess the severity of a depressive disorder when deciding expert problems and for assessing the capacity of the subject exposed to expert evaluation to take advantage of his or her legal rights.
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PMID:[Psychogenic depressions in forensic psychiatric practice]. 829 45

The CES-D, HAMD and ABSH scales were used to assess the incidence of depressive disorder in 30 burn patients during hospitalization and in 26 patients after they re-entered the society. The results indicated that the occurrence of depressive symptoms (70%) and depression (40%) in hospitalized burn patients increased significantly as compared to the control group and a group of surgical patients. Furthermore, 30 burn patients were divided into three groups according to the extent and the site of their burns, and it was found that the incidence of depressive symptoms and the degree of depressive reaction both in group I (TBSA = 55.44 +/- 22.09%) and group III (TBSA = 6.03 +/- 6.03%, with electrical injury, facial burn, hot roller injury) were significantly higher than those in group II (TBSA = 5.49 +/- 4.19%), but there was no statistical difference between group I and group III. The incidence of depressive symptoms assessed by the CES-D scale in burn patients after they re-entered the society increased obviously as compared with normal control (46.15% vs. 10%). Furthermore, there was a negative correlation between CES-D scores andse. ABSH scorThe CES-D score was also found to be negatively correlated to the scores in four aspects (physical, mental, social and general) in ABSH scale. We conclude that burn injuries can complicate the depressive disorder. Cosmetic deformity and loss of function may be the main causes of the increase in the incidence of depressive disorder during hospitalization, while the occurrence of depressive disorder when they re-entered the society may be related to physical disabilities, mental status and social adaptability.
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PMID:[The depressive disorder in burn patients]. 833 Feb 50

Nonpsychotic depressive and dysthymic states are reclassified and reorganized in order to maximize relevance to clinical psychopharmacology. In the initial phase of assessment, patients are divided into two easily recognized categories: mood-nonreactive (autonomous) depression and mood-reactive depression. After family and past history of response and cost of drug are considered, a tricyclic antidepressant is usually selected for autonomous depression patients, and mood-reactive depression patients are initially given a serotonin reuptake inhibitor. Nonresponders from either category are changed to the alternative medication or have it added to their first drug. Nonresponders to both of these initial trials are then assessed for the presence of atypical depression symptoms by the Columbia criteria. If these symptoms are present, the patients may be offered a third medication trial with a monoamine oxidase inhibitor. Bupropion could be the choice if the monoamine oxidase inhibitor cannot be given expeditiously. This completes the initial assessment and treatment phase. Autonomous and mood-reactive patients who do not respond to this sequence of interventions are then reassessed for the presence of characterologic syndromes and comorbidity with some frequently encountered conditions. These may determine the choice of medication and the prognosis for a positive result from the next choices selected. When possible, specific recommendations are given for the various situations.
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PMID:A systematic approach to the classification and pharmacotherapy of nonpsychotic major depression and dysthymia. 802 27

Bereavement is a major risk factor for physical illness, grief, depression, and anxiety. In contrast to recent tendencies in the psychiatric literature to equate grief and depression, we propose that a careful discrimination between the two must be made for diagnostic, therapeutic, and investigative purposes. We report the results of a longitudinal study of a frequent but neglected event, miscarriage early in pregnancy, to make this point. Clinical criteria for differentiating grief and depressive reactions were developed based on phenomenological criteria and theoretical considerations. We hypothesized that the detrimental psychological and physical consequences occur only when the miscarriage was not mourned and resulted in a depressive reaction, but not in a grief reaction. In a controlled, representative study, 125 consecutive women were assessed shortly after their miscarriage (before the 20th week of gestation) and 6 months (N = 94) and 12 months (N = 90) later. Assessments included standardized questionnaires for life events, depression, physical complaints, anxiety, and a specific, multidimensional grief scale (Munich Grief Scale) that we had developed previously. Immediately after the miscarriage, the average anxiety and depression scores were elevated when compared with 80 pregnant and 125 age-matched community controls. Twenty percent of the patients who had miscarried showed a grief reaction, 12% showed a depressive reaction, and 20% responded with a combined depressive and grief reaction. The remaining women (48%) reported no changes in their emotional reactions. As predicted, longer-lasting psychological, social, and health status changes followed the initial depressive, but not the grief reactions. Depressive reactions were predicted by a history of previous depression, a lack of social resources, and an ambivalent attitude to the lost fetus. The grief measures were reliable and made it possible to discriminate between grief and depression.
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PMID:Grief and depression after miscarriage: their separation, antecedents, and course. 860 Apr 77

In this study of 20 moderately to severely depressed patients, diagnosed using current research diagnostic criteria and excluding known bipolar affective disorder and reactive depression, we investigated relationships between severity of depression and levels and ratios of n-3 and n-6 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) in plasma and erythrocyte phospholipids (PL). Severity of depression was measured using the 21-item Hamilton depression rating scale (HRS) and a second linear rating scale (LRS) of severity of depressive symptoms that omitted anxiety symptoms. There was a significant correlation between the ratio of erythrocyte PL arachidonic acid (AA) to eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and severity of depression as rated by the HRS (P < 0.05) and the LRS for depression (P < 0.01). There was also a significant negative correlation between erythrocyte EPA and the LRS (P < 0.05). The AA/EPA ratio in plasma PL and the ratio of erythrocyte long-chain (C20 and C22 carbon) n-6 to long-chain n-3 PUFA were also significantly correlated with the LRS (P < 0.05). These findings do not appear to be simply explained by differences in dietary intake of EPA. We cannot determine whether the high ratios of AA/EPA in both plasma and erythrocyte PL are the result of depression or whether tissue PUFA change predate the depressive symptoms. We suggest, however, that our findings provide a basis for studying the effect of the nutritional supplementation of depressed subjects, aimed at reducing the AA/EPA ratio in tissues and severity of depression.
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PMID:Arachidonic acid to eicosapentaenoic acid ratio in blood correlates positively with clinical symptoms of depression. 872 12

Recent studies have documented grief and depressive reactions in women after a miscarriage. However, the men's reactions to their partner's experience have been neglected. In a controlled follow-up study, 56 couples were studied shortly after the miscarriage, and 6 (N = 47) and 12 months later (N = 45). The participants completed standardized questionnaires for depression, physical complaints, anxiety, and grief. Contrary to commonly held beliefs, men do grieve, but less intensely and enduringly than their partners. The manner in which they experience their grief is similar to that of the women, except that the men cry less and feel less need to talk about it. Unlike the women they do not react with an increased depressive reaction (compared to age- and sex-matched community control groups). Giving up their personal expectations, hopes for, and fantasies about the unborn child is a major source of grieving for both. Some men feel burdened by their wives' grief or depressive reactions. Conflicting reactions may affect the couples' interactions and promote depressive reactions in the women.
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PMID:Similarities and differences in couples' grief reactions following a miscarriage: results from a longitudinal study. 886 Nov 20

The traditional psychoanalytic view of menopause regards it as inevitably accompanied by reactive depression resulting from the loss of reproductive function. This view is grounded on a theory of female sexual development that stresses the centrality of the phallic castration complex. The inevitable menopausal depression involves a remobilization of this complex and a reexperiencing of castration fears. The new view, based on the concept of primary feminine identity, complements the concept of a phallic castration complex with the related concept of female castration anxiety. In this view menopause, though it typically involves physical discomfort and a reworking of maternal identification, involves an interplay of both types of castration fears. By understanding and analyzing these fears, progressive adaptation to menopause, including the opportunity for enhanced creativity and emotional fulfillment, is possible. A clinical case example is presented to illustrate these ideas.
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PMID:A revised psychoanalytic view of menopause. 917 70


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